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#text(size: 24pt, weight: 700)[コロケーション基礎-講義]

#text(size: 8pt, fill: luma(120))[2 pages]
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#pagebreak()

#block(above: 0pt, below: 0.55em)[#text(size: 14pt, weight: 700)[Table of Contents]]
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#block(above: 0.1em, below: 0.45em, width: 100%)[#text(size: 7pt, fill: luma(125))[data/lecture/english/collocation/collocation-basics.lecture.n.md#h(0.7em)md 6769e93]]


= コロケーション#bem-ruby("きそ")[基礎]-#bem-ruby("こうぎ")[講義]


== #bem-ruby("どうにゅう")[導入]


この#bem-ruby("こうぎ")[講義]では、「#bem-ruby("いみ")[意味]が#bem-ruby("あ")[合]っている」ことと「#bem-ruby("えいご")[英語]として#bem-ruby("しぜん")[自然]である」ことは#bem-ruby("べつ")[別]だ、という#bem-ruby("てん")[点]を#bem-ruby("せつめい")[説明]する。Collocation は#bem-ruby("ごいりょく")[語彙力]の#bem-ruby("かざ")[飾]りではない。#bem-ruby("えいやく")[英訳]が 60 #bem-ruby("てんだい")[点台]で#bem-ruby("と")[止]まりやすい#bem-ruby("しゅいん")[主因]の 1 つであり、#bem-ruby("いみ")[意味]は#bem-ruby("とお")[通]るのに#bem-ruby("ふしぜん")[不自然]だという#bem-ruby("げんてん")[減点]を#bem-ruby("たいりょう")[大量]に#bem-ruby("う")[生]む。


== #bem-ruby("ちゅうしん")[中心]#bem-ruby("かだい")[課題]


なぜ #emph[reviewed good] のような#bem-ruby("えいご")[英語]は#bem-ruby("ぶんぽうてき")[文法的]に#bem-ruby("み")[見]えても#bem-ruby("ふしぜん")[不自然]であり、#emph[has good reviews] のほうが#bem-ruby("しぜん")[自然]なのか。


== #bem-ruby("ようご")[用語]


- コロケーション: #bem-ruby("ご")[語]と#bem-ruby("ご")[語]の#bem-ruby("しぜん")[自然]な#bem-ruby("むす")[結]び#bem-ruby("つ")[付]き

- #bem-anno("co-occurrence")[#bem-ruby("きょうき")[共起]]: #bem-ruby("じっさい")[実際]の#bem-ruby("えいご")[英語]で、ある#bem-ruby("ご")[語]がどの#bem-ruby("ご")[語]と#bem-ruby("いっしょ")[一緒]に#bem-ruby("あらわ")[現]れやすいかという#bem-ruby("じじつ")[事実]

- #bem-anno("naturalization rewrite")[#bem-ruby("しぜんか")[自然化]リライト]: #bem-ruby("いみ")[意味]を#bem-ruby("たも")[保]ったまま、#bem-ruby("えいご")[英語]として#bem-ruby("ふつう")[普通]の#bem-ruby("ひょうげん")[表現]へ#bem-ruby("よ")[寄]せる#bem-ruby("さぎょう")[作業]


== #bem-ruby("ほうしん")[方針]


Collocation を#bem-ruby("あつか")[扱]うときは、#bem-ruby("つぎ")[次]の#bem-ruby("じゅんじょ")[順序]で#bem-ruby("かんが")[考]える。


+ #bem-ruby("い")[言]いたい#bem-ruby("いみ")[意味]を#bem-ruby("こてい")[固定]する

+ #bem-ruby("しゅやく")[主役]になる#bem-ruby("めいし")[名詞]か#bem-ruby("どうし")[動詞]を 1 つ#bem-ruby("き")[決]める

+ その#bem-ruby("ご")[語]が#bem-ruby("ふつう")[普通]どんな#bem-ruby("ご")[語]と#bem-ruby("むす")[結]び#bem-ruby("つ")[付]くかを#bem-ruby("じしょ")[辞書]・コーパスで#bem-ruby("かくにん")[確認]する

+ #bem-ruby("いみ")[意味]が#bem-ruby("ちか")[近]い#bem-ruby("こうほ")[候補]の#bem-ruby("なか")[中]から、#bem-ruby("ばめん")[場面]に#bem-ruby("あ")[合]う#bem-ruby("けつごう")[結合]を#bem-ruby("えら")[選]ぶ


== #bem-ruby("ちょっかんてき")[直感的]な#bem-ruby("せつめい")[説明]


#bem-ruby("にほんご")[日本語]では「#bem-ruby("ひょうばん")[評判]がよい」「#bem-ruby("じょうだん")[冗談]として#bem-ruby("う")[受]け#bem-ruby("と")[取]る」「#bem-ruby("たんとうしゃ")[担当者]に#bem-ruby("れんらく")[連絡]する」といった#bem-ruby("いみ")[意味]が#bem-ruby("あたま")[頭]に#bem-ruby("さき")[先]にあり、その#bem-ruby("あと")[後]で#bem-ruby("えいたんご")[英単語]を#bem-ruby("なら")[並]べたくなる。しかし、#bem-ruby("えいご")[英語]では#bem-ruby("ここ")[個々]の#bem-ruby("たんご")[単語]よりも、「どの#bem-ruby("く")[組]み#bem-ruby("あ")[合]わせが#bem-ruby("ふつう")[普通]か」が#bem-ruby("さき")[先]に#bem-ruby("き")[決]まっていることが#bem-ruby("おお")[多]い。


#block(stroke: 0.6pt + luma(180), radius: 4pt, inset: 8pt, width: 100%)[
*Incorrect*


He received it rude. \
\[COL\] #bem-ruby("いみ")[意味]は#bem-ruby("すいそく")[推測]できるが、#bem-ruby("えいご")[英語]としては#bem-ruby("ふつう")[普通]に#bem-ruby("い")[言]わない。


]


#block(stroke: 0.6pt + luma(180), radius: 4pt, inset: 8pt, width: 100%)[
*Correct*


He took it as rude. \
\[COL\] #emph[take it as rude] の#bem-ruby("かた")[型]に#bem-ruby("の")[乗]せると#bem-ruby("しぜん")[自然]になる。


]


#block(stroke: 0.6pt + luma(180), radius: 4pt, inset: 8pt, width: 100%)[
*Correct*


Some people would find it rude. \
\[REG\] #bem-ruby("せつめい")[説明]や#bem-ruby("いっぱんろん")[一般論]ではこちらのほうが#bem-ruby("なめ")[滑]らかである。


]


Collocation の#bem-ruby("がくしゅう")[学習]とは、#bem-ruby("たんご")[単語]を#bem-ruby("こりつ")[孤立]して#bem-ruby("あんき")[暗記]することではなく、「その#bem-ruby("ご")[語]はふつうどこに#bem-ruby("お")[置]かれるか」を#bem-ruby("し")[知]ることである。


== #bem-ruby("げんみつ")[厳密]な#bem-ruby("せつめい")[説明]


=== 1. Collocation は#bem-ruby("ぶんぽう")[文法]ではなく#bem-ruby("しよう")[使用]の#bem-ruby("かんしゅう")[慣習]である


#bem-ruby("ぶんぽうてき")[文法的]に#bem-ruby("つく")[作]れる#bem-ruby("ぶん")[文]でも、#bem-ruby("ぼごわしゃ")[母語話者]が#bem-ruby("つうじょう")[通常]#bem-ruby("えら")[選]ばない#bem-ruby("けつごう")[結合]は#bem-ruby("ふしぜん")[不自然]に#bem-ruby("き")[聞]こえる。したがって、Collocation の#bem-ruby("はんてい")[判定]では「#bem-ruby("こうぶん")[構文]が#bem-ruby("せいりつ")[成立]するか」だけでは#bem-ruby("ふじゅうぶん")[不十分]である。


=== 2. #bem-ruby("だいひょうてき")[代表的]な#bem-ruby("かた")[型]


#table(
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  [#strong[#bem-ruby("れい")[例]]],
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  [#bem-ruby("どうし")[動詞] + #bem-ruby("めいし")[名詞]],
  [#emph[have good reviews]],
  [その#bem-ruby("どうし")[動詞]はその#bem-ruby("めいし")[名詞]を#bem-ruby("ふつう")[普通]#bem-ruby("もくてきご")[目的語]に#bem-ruby("と")[取]るか],
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  [#emph[heavy rain]],
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  [#bem-ruby("どうし")[動詞] + #bem-ruby("ぜんちし")[前置詞]],
  [#emph[depend on]],
  [PRP と#bem-ruby("かさ")[重]なるが、#bem-ruby("ごほう")[語法]として#bem-ruby("かた")[固]まっていることが#bem-ruby("おお")[多]い],
  [#bem-ruby("ていけいく")[定型句]],
  [#emph[to give you the conclusion first]],
  [#bem-ruby("ぶんたい")[文体]ごとに#bem-ruby("ひんしゅつ")[頻出]#bem-ruby("ひょうげん")[表現]がある],
)


=== 3. #bem-ruby("けんしょう")[検証]の#bem-ruby("ほうほう")[方法]


- #bem-ruby("れんごじてん")[連語辞典]で#bem-ruby("こうほ")[候補]を#bem-ruby("ひ")[引]く

- コーパスで#bem-ruby("じつれい")[実例]を#bem-ruby("み")[見]る

- #bem-ruby("に")[似]た#bem-ruby("こうほ")[候補]を#bem-ruby("ひかく")[比較]して、どちらが#bem-ruby("おお")[多]くどの#bem-ruby("ぶんたい")[文体]で#bem-ruby("で")[出]るかを#bem-ruby("かくにん")[確認]する


この#bem-ruby("てじゅん")[手順]により、「#bem-ruby("じしょ")[辞書]に#bem-ruby("の")[載]っているから#bem-ruby("ただ")[正]しい」ではなく、「#bem-ruby("じっさい")[実際]に#bem-ruby("つか")[使]われるから#bem-ruby("しぜん")[自然]」という#bem-ruby("してん")[視点]へ#bem-ruby("うつ")[移]る。


== #bem-ruby("さいしょう")[最小]の#bem-ruby("ぐたいれい")[具体例]


=== #bem-ruby("れい")[例] 1: #bem-ruby("ひょうばん")[評判]


#block(stroke: 0.6pt + luma(180), radius: 4pt, inset: 8pt, width: 100%)[
*Incorrect*


The movie is reviewed good.


]


#block(stroke: 0.6pt + luma(180), radius: 4pt, inset: 8pt, width: 100%)[
*Display*


a. The movie has good reviews. \
b. The movie is well reviewed. \
c. The movie is reviewed good.


]


a と b は#bem-ruby("しぜん")[自然]であるが、c は#bem-ruby("ふしぜん")[不自然]である。c が#bem-ruby("くず")[崩]れるのは、#emph[review] と #emph[good] の#bem-ruby("けつごう")[結合]ではなく、#bem-ruby("じゅどうたい")[受動態] + #bem-ruby("けいようし")[形容詞] を#bem-ruby("ざつ")[雑]に#bem-ruby("ごうせい")[合成]してしまっているからである。


=== #bem-ruby("れい")[例] 2: #bem-ruby("しつもん")[質問]がある


#block(stroke: 0.6pt + luma(180), radius: 4pt, inset: 8pt, width: 100%)[
*Incorrect*


Please notice the person in charge the doubt.


]


#block(stroke: 0.6pt + luma(180), radius: 4pt, inset: 8pt, width: 100%)[
*Correct*


Please contact the person in charge if you have any questions.


]


#bem-ruby("にほんご")[日本語]の「#bem-ruby("ぎもん")[疑問]があれば#bem-ruby("たんとうしゃ")[担当者]に#bem-ruby("れんらく")[連絡]する」は、#bem-ruby("ちょくやく")[直訳]すると#bem-ruby("くず")[崩]れやすい。#bem-ruby("えいご")[英語]では #emph[have any questions] と #emph[contact the person in charge] の 2 #bem-ruby("かたまり")[塊]で#bem-ruby("かんが")[考]えると#bem-ruby("あんてい")[安定]する。


== #bem-ruby("べつ")[別]の#bem-ruby("みかた")[見方]


=== #bem-ruby("ごぶんていせい")[誤文訂正]として#bem-ruby("み")[見]る#bem-ruby("みかた")[見方]


Collocation は「#bem-ruby("せいかい")[正解]を#bem-ruby("あんき")[暗記]する#bem-ruby("ぶんや")[分野]」ではなく、「#bem-ruby("ふしぜん")[不自然]さの#bem-ruby("しゅるい")[種類]を#bem-ruby("みぬ")[見抜]く#bem-ruby("ぶんや")[分野]」として#bem-ruby("み")[見]ることもできる。#bem-ruby("ぶんぽう")[文法]が#bem-ruby("あ")[合]っていても#bem-ruby("ふしぜん")[不自然]なら COL と#bem-ruby("はんてい")[判定]する、という#bem-ruby("かんてん")[観点]である。


=== Register と#bem-ruby("せつぞく")[接続]する#bem-ruby("みかた")[見方]


#bem-ruby("おな")[同]じ#bem-ruby("いみ")[意味]でも、#bem-ruby("かいわ")[会話]・#bem-ruby("じむ")[事務]・#bem-ruby("がくじゅつ")[学術]で#bem-ruby("えら")[選]ばれる Collocation は#bem-ruby("か")[変]わる。したがって、Collocation は#bem-ruby("たんどく")[単独]で#bem-ruby("まな")[学]ぶのではなく、REG と#bem-ruby("れんどう")[連動]して#bem-ruby("み")[見]ると#bem-ruby("せいど")[精度]が#bem-ruby("あ")[上]がる。


=== #bem-ruby("がくじゅつぶんたい")[学術文体]へ#bem-ruby("ひろ")[広]げる#bem-ruby("みかた")[見方]


Ch3 の#bem-ruby("きそ")[基礎]で#bem-ruby("あつか")[扱]うのは、#bem-ruby("にちじょうてき")[日常的]・#bem-ruby("じむてき")[事務的]な Collocation が#bem-ruby("ちゅうしん")[中心]である。しかし Ch8 では、#bem-ruby("せつめいぶん")[説明文]や#bem-ruby("がくじゅつぶんたい")[学術文体]で#bem-ruby("ひんしゅつ")[頻出]する #emph[focus on]、#emph[play a role in]、#emph[have implications for] のような#bem-ruby("けつごう")[結合]が#bem-ruby("しゅやく")[主役]になる。ここでは「#bem-ruby("いみ")[意味]が#bem-ruby("ちか")[近]いから#bem-ruby("ちかん")[置換]できる」とは#bem-ruby("かぎ")[限]らず、#bem-ruby("ぶんたい")[文体]ごとの#bem-ruby("ていちゃく")[定着]がさらに#bem-ruby("つよ")[強]い。


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== #bem-ruby("みわ")[見分]け#bem-ruby("かた")[方]


- #bem-ruby("たんご")[単語]ごとの#bem-ruby("いみ")[意味]は#bem-ruby("あ")[合]っているのに#bem-ruby("ふしぜん")[不自然]だと#bem-ruby("かん")[感]じる#bem-ruby("ばあい")[場合]は COL を#bem-ruby("うたが")[疑]う

- #bem-ruby("じしょ")[辞書]を#bem-ruby("ひ")[引]いても#bem-ruby("こうほ")[候補]が#bem-ruby("おお")[多]すぎる#bem-ruby("ばあい")[場合]は、#bem-ruby("しゅやく")[主役]の#bem-ruby("めいし")[名詞]か#bem-ruby("どうし")[動詞]を#bem-ruby("き")[決]めて Collocation を#bem-ruby("かくにん")[確認]する

- #bem-ruby("ぜんちし")[前置詞]が#bem-ruby("から")[絡]むときは、PRP と COL のどちらが#bem-ruby("しゅいん")[主因]かを#bem-ruby("き")[切]り#bem-ruby("わ")[分]ける


== どこまで#bem-ruby("せいりつ")[成立]するか


Collocation は#bem-ruby("ひんど")[頻度]と#bem-ruby("かんしゅう")[慣習]に#bem-ruby("いぞん")[依存]するため、#bem-ruby("ゆいいつ")[唯一]の#bem-ruby("せいかい")[正解]がない#bem-ruby("ばあい")[場合]もある。また、#bem-ruby("そうさくてき")[創作的]な#bem-ruby("ひょうげん")[表現]や#bem-ruby("きょうちょう")[強調]では、あえて#bem-ruby("つうじょう")[通常]の Collocation を#bem-ruby("はず")[外]すこともある。ただし、#bem-ruby("がくしゅうだんかい")[学習段階]では、まず#bem-ruby("ひょうじゅんてき")[標準的]な#bem-ruby("けつごう")[結合]を#bem-ruby("あんてい")[安定]して#bem-ruby("えら")[選]べることを#bem-ruby("ゆうせん")[優先]する。


== #bem-ruby("さいしゅうけい")[最終形]


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*Display*


Collocation の#bem-ruby("きほん")[基本]#bem-ruby("てじゅん")[手順] \
#bem-ruby("いみ")[意味]を#bem-ruby("こてい")[固定]する → #bem-ruby("しゅやく")[主役]の#bem-ruby("ご")[語]を#bem-ruby("き")[決]める → #bem-ruby("しぜん")[自然]な#bem-ruby("けつごう")[結合]を#bem-ruby("じしょ")[辞書]・コーパスで#bem-ruby("かくにん")[確認]する → #bem-ruby("ぶんたい")[文体]に#bem-ruby("あ")[合]う#bem-ruby("かたち")[形]を#bem-ruby("えら")[選]ぶ


]


== #bem-ruby("ひとこと")[一言]でいうと


Collocation の#bem-ruby("がくしゅう")[学習]とは、#bem-ruby("たんご")[単語]を#bem-ruby("ふ")[増]やすことではなく、「その#bem-ruby("ご")[語]は#bem-ruby("ふつう")[普通]どの#bem-ruby("となり")[隣]に#bem-ruby("あらわ")[現]れるか」を#bem-ruby("おぼ")[覚]えることである。


== #bem-ruby("かんれん")[関連]リンク


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= #bem-ruby("ていけいく")[定型句]と#bem-ruby("ごい")[語彙]バンドル-#bem-ruby("こうぎ")[講義]


== #bem-ruby("どうにゅう")[導入]


この#bem-ruby("こうぎ")[講義]では、#bem-ruby("しぜん")[自然]な#bem-ruby("えいご")[英語]は#bem-ruby("たんご")[単語]を 1 #bem-ruby("こ")[個]ずつ#bem-ruby("えら")[選]んで#bem-ruby("く")[組]み#bem-ruby("た")[立]てるだけでは#bem-ruby("つく")[作]れず、#bem-ruby("ぶんみゃく")[文脈]ごとに#bem-ruby("く")[繰]り#bem-ruby("かえ")[返]し#bem-ruby("あらわ")[現]れる#bem-ruby("かたまり")[塊]を#bem-ruby("ほじ")[保持]することで#bem-ruby("あんてい")[安定]する、という#bem-ruby("てん")[点]を#bem-ruby("せつめい")[説明]する。Ch3 の Collocation #bem-ruby("きそ")[基礎]では#bem-ruby("ご")[語]どうしの#bem-ruby("けつごう")[結合]を#bem-ruby("み")[見]たが、Ch8 ではそれをもう 1 #bem-ruby("だん")[段]#bem-ruby("うえ")[上]の#bem-ruby("たんい")[単位]、すなわち lexical bundles と#bem-ruby("ていけいく")[定型句]として#bem-ruby("あつか")[扱]う。


== #bem-ruby("ちゅうしん")[中心]#bem-ruby("かだい")[課題]


なぜ #emph[to give you the conclusion first]、#emph[in light of]、#emph[it is difficult to]、#emph[there is a possibility that] のような#bem-ruby("かたまり")[塊]を#bem-ruby("も")[持]っていると、#bem-ruby("えいやく")[英訳]が#bem-ruby("きゅう")[急]に#bem-ruby("しぜん")[自然]になるのか。なぜ#bem-ruby("いみ")[意味]が#bem-ruby("ちか")[近]い#bem-ruby("たんご")[単語]を#bem-ruby("なら")[並]べても、#bem-ruby("かたまり")[塊]として#bem-ruby("ていちゃく")[定着]していないと#bem-ruby("ふしぜん")[不自然]になりやすいのか。


== #bem-ruby("ようご")[用語]


- #bem-anno("formulaic expression")[#bem-ruby("ていけいく")[定型句]]: #bem-ruby("ばめん")[場面]ごとに#bem-ruby("はんぷく")[反復]して#bem-ruby("つか")[使]われる#bem-ruby("ひょうげん")[表現]の#bem-ruby("かたまり")[塊]

- #bem-anno("lexical bundle")[#bem-ruby("ごい")[語彙]バンドル]: #bem-ruby("えいご")[英語]で#bem-ruby("こうひんど")[高頻度]に#bem-ruby("れんぞく")[連続]して#bem-ruby("あらわ")[現]れる#bem-ruby("ごれつ")[語列]

- #bem-anno("naturalization rewrite")[#bem-ruby("しぜんか")[自然化]リライト]: #bem-ruby("いみ")[意味]を#bem-ruby("たも")[保]ちながら、#bem-ruby("にほんごはっそう")[日本語発想]の#bem-ruby("ぶん")[文]を#bem-ruby("えいご")[英語]の#bem-ruby("ていちゃく")[定着]した#bem-ruby("かたまり")[塊]へ#bem-ruby("ちかん")[置換]すること


== #bem-ruby("ほうしん")[方針]


+ #bem-ruby("いみ")[意味]を 1 #bem-ruby("ご")[語]ずつ#bem-ruby("うつ")[写]すのでなく、#bem-ruby("ぶんみゃく")[文脈]に#bem-ruby("あ")[合]う#bem-ruby("かたまり")[塊]を#bem-ruby("さが")[探]す

+ #bem-ruby("ていけいく")[定型句]は#bem-ruby("ぶんたい")[文体]ごとに#bem-ruby("わ")[分]けて#bem-ruby("きおく")[記憶]する

+ #bem-ruby("かたまり")[塊]を#bem-ruby("つか")[使]うときも、#bem-ruby("しゅせつ")[主節]と#bem-ruby("じょうほうはいち")[情報配置]が#bem-ruby("くず")[崩]れていないかを#bem-ruby("かくにん")[確認]する


== #bem-ruby("ちょっかんてき")[直感的]な#bem-ruby("せつめい")[説明]


#bem-ruby("にほんご")[日本語]から#bem-ruby("えいやく")[英訳]するとき、「#bem-ruby("けつろん")[結論]から#bem-ruby("い")[言]うと」「〜を#bem-ruby("ふ")[踏]まえると」「そのまま#bem-ruby("いっぱんか")[一般化]するのは#bem-ruby("むずか")[難]しい」のような#bem-ruby("かたまり")[塊]は#bem-ruby("ひんしゅつ")[頻出]する。これを#bem-ruby("まいかい")[毎回] 1 #bem-ruby("ご")[語]ずつ#bem-ruby("く")[組]み#bem-ruby("た")[立]てると、#bem-ruby("ふしぜん")[不自然]な#bem-ruby("ちょくやく")[直訳]へ#bem-ruby("なが")[流]れやすい。


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*Display*


#bem-ruby("じむ")[事務] \
To give you the conclusion first, ...


#bem-ruby("せつめい")[説明] / #bem-ruby("がくじゅつ")[学術] \
In light of ... \
It is difficult to ... \
There is a possibility that ...


]


#bem-ruby("しぜん")[自然]さは、#bem-ruby("たんご")[単語]の#bem-ruby("なんいど")[難易度]ではなく、その#bem-ruby("かたまり")[塊]がその#bem-ruby("ばめん")[場面]で#bem-ruby("ふつう")[普通]に#bem-ruby("つか")[使]われるかどうかで#bem-ruby("き")[決]まる。


== #bem-ruby("げんみつ")[厳密]な#bem-ruby("せつめい")[説明]


=== 1. Collocation より#bem-ruby("いちだん")[一段]#bem-ruby("おお")[大]きい#bem-ruby("たんい")[単位]として#bem-ruby("はあく")[把握]する


Ch3 の Collocation は #emph[focus on] や #emph[have good reviews] のような#bem-ruby("けつごう")[結合]を#bem-ruby("あつか")[扱]った。Ch8 の lexical bundles は、それよりも#bem-ruby("おお")[大]きい#bem-ruby("たんい")[単位]で、#bem-ruby("ぶんぜんたい")[文全体]の#bem-ruby("で")[出]だしや#bem-ruby("ろんりかんけい")[論理関係]まで#bem-ruby("ささ")[支]える。


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  [#bem-ruby("せつめいぶん")[説明文]・#bem-ruby("がくじゅつ")[学術]],
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  [#bem-ruby("ひょうか")[評価]の#bem-ruby("がいち")[外置]],
  [#emph[It is difficult to ...]],
  [#bem-ruby("せつめいぶん")[説明文]・#bem-ruby("ろんせつ")[論説]],
)


=== 2. #bem-ruby("ぶんたい")[文体]ごとに#bem-ruby("この")[好]まれる#bem-ruby("かたまり")[塊]が#bem-ruby("ちが")[違]う


#bem-ruby("かいわ")[会話]では#bem-ruby("みじか")[短]く#bem-ruby("はんのうてき")[反応的]な#bem-ruby("かたまり")[塊]が#bem-ruby("この")[好]まれ、#bem-ruby("じむ")[事務]では#bem-ruby("てつづ")[手続]きを#bem-ruby("まえ")[前]へ#bem-ruby("だ")[出]す#bem-ruby("かたまり")[塊]が#bem-ruby("この")[好]まれる。#bem-ruby("がくじゅつ")[学術]では、#bem-ruby("しゅちょう")[主張]を#bem-ruby("よわ")[弱]めたり#bem-ruby("はいけい")[背景]を#bem-ruby("めいじ")[明示]したりする#bem-ruby("かたまり")[塊]が#bem-ruby("じゅうよう")[重要]になる。


=== 3. #bem-ruby("しぜんか")[自然化]リライトは#bem-ruby("かたまり")[塊]の#bem-ruby("ちかん")[置換]で#bem-ruby("かんが")[考]える


#bem-ruby("にほんごはっそう")[日本語発想]の#bem-ruby("ぶん")[文]を#bem-ruby("しぜんか")[自然化]するとき、#bem-ruby("たんご")[単語] 1 #bem-ruby("こ")[個]の#bem-ruby("ちかん")[置換]では#bem-ruby("げんかい")[限界]がある。#emph[thinking to cancel] を #emph[thinking of passing on it] へ#bem-ruby("か")[変]えるときも、#bem-ruby("なお")[直]しているのは 1 #bem-ruby("ご")[語]ではなく#bem-ruby("かたまり")[塊]である。


== #bem-ruby("さいしょう")[最小]の#bem-ruby("ぐたいれい")[具体例]


=== #bem-ruby("れい")[例] 1: #bem-ruby("けつろんさきだ")[結論先出]し


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*Incorrect*


First I say the conclusion, we are thinking to cancel it this time.


]


#block(stroke: 0.6pt + luma(180), radius: 4pt, inset: 8pt, width: 100%)[
*Correct*


To give you the conclusion first, we are thinking of passing on it this time.


]


#bem-ruby("ぜんはん")[前半]の#bem-ruby("かたまり")[塊]と#bem-ruby("こうはん")[後半]の#bem-ruby("かたまり")[塊]の#bem-ruby("りょうほう")[両方]を#bem-ruby("ちかん")[置換]しているため、#bem-ruby("しぜん")[自然]さが#bem-ruby("あ")[上]がる。


=== #bem-ruby("れい")[例] 2: #bem-ruby("はいけいか")[背景化]


#block(stroke: 0.6pt + luma(180), radius: 4pt, inset: 8pt, width: 100%)[
*Incorrect*


Thinking the comments in the meeting, this plan needs revision.


]


#block(stroke: 0.6pt + luma(180), radius: 4pt, inset: 8pt, width: 100%)[
*Correct*


In light of the comments made at the meeting, this plan needs to be revised.


]


#bem-ruby("にほんご")[日本語]の「〜を#bem-ruby("ふ")[踏]まえると」を#bem-ruby("まいかい")[毎回]#bem-ruby("く")[組]み#bem-ruby("た")[立]てるのでなく、#bem-ruby("はいけいか")[背景化]の#bem-ruby("ていけいく")[定型句]として#bem-ruby("ほじ")[保持]する。


== #bem-ruby("べつ")[別]の#bem-ruby("みかた")[見方]


=== #bem-ruby("かた")[型]として#bem-ruby("きおく")[記憶]する#bem-ruby("かんてん")[観点]


#bem-ruby("ていけいく")[定型句]は#bem-ruby("あんき")[暗記]#bem-ruby("ふたん")[負担]が#bem-ruby("おお")[大]きいように#bem-ruby("おも")[思]われやすいが、#bem-ruby("じっさい")[実際]には#bem-ruby("ばめん")[場面]ごとの#bem-ruby("かた")[型]として#bem-ruby("ほじ")[保持]するほうが#bem-ruby("せいさんてき")[生産的]である。


=== #bem-ruby("へんしゅう")[編集]#bem-ruby("たんい")[単位]として#bem-ruby("はあく")[把握]する#bem-ruby("かんてん")[観点]


#bem-ruby("しぜんか")[自然化]リライトでは、#bem-ruby("たんご")[単語]でなく#bem-ruby("かたまり")[塊]を#bem-ruby("へんしゅう")[編集]#bem-ruby("たんい")[単位]として#bem-ruby("はあく")[把握]すると、#bem-ruby("しゅうせい")[修正]の#bem-ruby("ほうこう")[方向]が#bem-ruby("めいかく")[明確]になる。


== #bem-ruby("みわ")[見分]け#bem-ruby("かた")[方]


- #bem-ruby("いみ")[意味]は#bem-ruby("だ")[出]ているのに#bem-ruby("で")[出]だしや#bem-ruby("ろんりせつぞく")[論理接続]が#bem-ruby("ふしぜん")[不自然]なときは lexical bundles を#bem-ruby("うたが")[疑]う

- #bem-ruby("おな")[同]じ#bem-ruby("しゅうせい")[修正]を#bem-ruby("なんど")[何度]も#bem-ruby("く")[繰]り#bem-ruby("かえ")[返]すなら、#bem-ruby("たんご")[単語]でなく#bem-ruby("かたまり")[塊]で#bem-ruby("おぼ")[覚]える

- #bem-ruby("がくじゅつ")[学術]や#bem-ruby("じむ")[事務]で#bem-ruby("しゅちょう")[主張]が#bem-ruby("つよ")[強]すぎるときは、#bem-ruby("しんちょうか")[慎重化]の#bem-ruby("ていけいく")[定型句]を#bem-ruby("さが")[探]す


== どこまで#bem-ruby("せいりつ")[成立]するか


この#bem-ruby("こうぎ")[講義]は#bem-ruby("がくしゅうよう")[学習用]の#bem-ruby("ひょうじゅんてき")[標準的]な#bem-ruby("かたまり")[塊]に#bem-ruby("しぼ")[絞]っている。#bem-ruby("そうさくてき")[創作的]な#bem-ruby("ぶんたい")[文体]や#bem-ruby("こじんさ")[個人差]の#bem-ruby("つよ")[強]い#bem-ruby("い")[言]い#bem-ruby("まわ")[回]しまでは#bem-ruby("あつか")[扱]わない。


== #bem-ruby("さいしゅうけい")[最終形]


#block(stroke: 0.6pt + luma(180), radius: 4pt, inset: 8pt, width: 100%)[
*Display*


#bem-ruby("しぜんか")[自然化]リライトの#bem-ruby("きほん")[基本] \
#bem-ruby("いみ")[意味]を#bem-ruby("こてい")[固定]する \
→ #bem-ruby("ばめん")[場面]を#bem-ruby("き")[決]める \
→ #bem-ruby("ていけいく")[定型句] / lexical bundle を#bem-ruby("えら")[選]ぶ \
→ #bem-ruby("しゅせつ")[主節]と#bem-ruby("じょうほうはいち")[情報配置]を#bem-ruby("ととの")[整]える


]


== #bem-ruby("ひとこと")[一言]でいうと


#bem-ruby("ていけいく")[定型句]と#bem-ruby("ごい")[語彙]バンドルは、#bem-ruby("しぜん")[自然]な#bem-ruby("えいご")[英語]を#bem-ruby("はや")[速]く#bem-ruby("く")[組]み#bem-ruby("た")[立]てるための#bem-ruby("さいりようかのう")[再利用可能]な#bem-ruby("いみ")[意味]ブロックである。


== #bem-ruby("かんれん")[関連]リンク


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#text(size: 7pt, fill: rgb("5d7796"))[https://study.bem130.com/lecture/english/collocation/collocation-basics.lecture/]
]]
]


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#set par(justify: false, leading: 0.35em)
#text(size: 7pt, fill: rgb("5d7796"))[→]#h(0.32em)#box(inset: (x: 3.8pt, y: 1.5pt), radius: 6pt, fill: rgb("f4f6f9"), stroke: 0.45pt + rgb("d7dde6"))[#text(size: 6.8pt, fill: rgb("54657a"))[patterns.reference]]#h(0.32em)#text(size: 9.2pt, weight: 700, fill: rgb("182232"))[academic-collocation]#h(0.5em)#box(inset: (x: 3.8pt, y: 1.5pt), radius: 6pt, fill: rgb("eef6ff"), stroke: 0.45pt + rgb("9cc8f7"))[#text(size: 6.8pt, fill: rgb("215f9f"))[reference]]#h(0.24em)#box(inset: (x: 3.8pt, y: 1.5pt), radius: 6pt, fill: rgb("eef6ff"), stroke: 0.45pt + rgb("9cc8f7"))[#text(size: 6.8pt, fill: rgb("215f9f"))[english]]#h(0.24em)#box(inset: (x: 3.8pt, y: 1.5pt), radius: 6pt, fill: rgb("eef6ff"), stroke: 0.45pt + rgb("9cc8f7"))[#text(size: 6.8pt, fill: rgb("215f9f"))[collocations]]#h(0.24em) \
#text(size: 7pt, fill: rgb("5d7796"))[https://study.bem130.com/reference/english/collocations/academic-collocation-patterns.reference/]
]]
]


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#link("https://study.bem130.com/exercise/english/collocation/naturalness-rewrite.exercise/")[#box(width: 100%, inset: (x: 7pt, y: 5pt), stroke: 0.55pt + rgb("d8dee8"), radius: 3pt, fill: rgb("fbfcfe"))[
#set par(justify: false, leading: 0.35em)
#text(size: 7pt, fill: rgb("5d7796"))[→]#h(0.32em)#box(inset: (x: 3.8pt, y: 1.5pt), radius: 6pt, fill: rgb("f4f6f9"), stroke: 0.45pt + rgb("d7dde6"))[#text(size: 6.8pt, fill: rgb("54657a"))[rewrite.exercise]]#h(0.32em)#text(size: 9.2pt, weight: 700, fill: rgb("182232"))[naturalness]#h(0.5em)#box(inset: (x: 3.8pt, y: 1.5pt), radius: 6pt, fill: rgb("eef6ff"), stroke: 0.45pt + rgb("9cc8f7"))[#text(size: 6.8pt, fill: rgb("215f9f"))[exercise]]#h(0.24em)#box(inset: (x: 3.8pt, y: 1.5pt), radius: 6pt, fill: rgb("eef6ff"), stroke: 0.45pt + rgb("9cc8f7"))[#text(size: 6.8pt, fill: rgb("215f9f"))[english]]#h(0.24em)#box(inset: (x: 3.8pt, y: 1.5pt), radius: 6pt, fill: rgb("eef6ff"), stroke: 0.45pt + rgb("9cc8f7"))[#text(size: 6.8pt, fill: rgb("215f9f"))[collocation]]#h(0.24em) \
#text(size: 7pt, fill: rgb("5d7796"))[https://study.bem130.com/exercise/english/collocation/naturalness-rewrite.exercise/]
]]
]


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#set par(justify: false, leading: 0.35em)
#text(size: 7pt, fill: rgb("5d7796"))[→]#h(0.32em)#box(inset: (x: 3.8pt, y: 1.5pt), radius: 6pt, fill: rgb("f4f6f9"), stroke: 0.45pt + rgb("d7dde6"))[#text(size: 6.8pt, fill: rgb("54657a"))[basics.lecture]]#h(0.32em)#text(size: 9.2pt, weight: 700, fill: rgb("182232"))[register]#h(0.5em)#box(inset: (x: 3.8pt, y: 1.5pt), radius: 6pt, fill: rgb("eef6ff"), stroke: 0.45pt + rgb("9cc8f7"))[#text(size: 6.8pt, fill: rgb("215f9f"))[lecture]]#h(0.24em)#box(inset: (x: 3.8pt, y: 1.5pt), radius: 6pt, fill: rgb("eef6ff"), stroke: 0.45pt + rgb("9cc8f7"))[#text(size: 6.8pt, fill: rgb("215f9f"))[english]]#h(0.24em)#box(inset: (x: 3.8pt, y: 1.5pt), radius: 6pt, fill: rgb("eef6ff"), stroke: 0.45pt + rgb("9cc8f7"))[#text(size: 6.8pt, fill: rgb("215f9f"))[register]]#h(0.24em) \
#text(size: 7pt, fill: rgb("5d7796"))[https://study.bem130.com/lecture/english/register/register-basics.lecture/]
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]