同値関係 と分割
Equivalence relations and partitions 分割 ぶんかつ
1導入 どうにゅう
たとえば
1Introduction
The purpose of an
For example, if integers are classified by their remainder when divided by 3, then belong to the same class. This does not mean . It means they are the same as long as only the remainder modulo 3 is being observed.
An equivalence relation divides objects into boxes called
2用語 ようご と定義 ていぎ
に
で
2Terms and definitions
A
| Condition | Formula | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| every element is equivalent to itself | ||
| being equivalent has no direction | ||
| a chain of equivalences remains an equivalence |
For , the
An equivalence class is the set of elements regarded as the same kind as .
A
3方針 ほうしん
また、
3Strategy
To verify an
The reason to introduce an equivalence relation is to divide a set into equivalence classes. Therefore, before asking what changes, ask what feature is being ignored so that objects are identified.
Prove the three properties separately. To disprove reflexivity, give an element for which . To disprove symmetry or transitivity, give one pair or triple that violates the corresponding implication.
data/lecture/math/discrete-math/relation-basics.lecture.n.md data/lecture/math/discrete-math/relation-composition-and-closure.lecture.n.md4直感的 ちょっかんてき な説明 せつめい
この
4Intuitive explanation
An
When this coloring is valid, the set is divided into non-overlapping subsets. That division is a
Equivalence classes behave like disjoint boxes: every element belongs to exactly one. If two classes overlap at even one element, symmetry and transitivity force them to be the same class.
5厳密 げんみつ な説明 せつめい :同値関係 どうちかんけい equivalence relation から分割 ぶんかつ partition へ
任意 にんい の は少 すく なくとも 1 つの同値類 どうちるい equivalence class に属 ぞく する。- 2 つの
同値類 どうちるい equivalence class は、一致 いっち するか、交 まじ わらないかのどちらかである。
まず 1 つ
つぎに 2 つ
5Precise explanation: from equivalence relations to partitions
Suppose an
- Every belongs to at least one equivalence class.
- Any two equivalence classes are either equal or disjoint.
The first point follows from
For the second point, suppose . Then there exists such that and . By definition, and . By
Now take any . Then . Since , transitivity gives , so . Hence . The same argument gives , so .
6逆 ぎゃく に、分割 ぶんかつ partition から同値関係 どうちかんけい equivalence relation へ
6Conversely, from partitions to equivalence relations
Let a
7例題 れいだい :合同 ごうどう による同値関係 どうちかんけい equivalence relation
7Example: equivalence by congruence
7.1問題 もんだい
7.1Problem
On the set of all integers , define to mean that is a multiple of 3. Verify that this is an
7.2解説 かいせつ
である。この
7.2Explanation
For
For
For
The equivalence classes are the classes according to remainders modulo 3:
This example shows how an
8見分 みわ け方 かた
対象 たいしょう を「同 おな じ種類 しゅるい 」に分 わ けたいなら、同値関係 どうちかんけい equivalence relation を考 かんが える。同値関係 どうちかんけい equivalence relation を示 しめ すには、反射性 はんしゃせい reflexivity 、対称性 たいしょうせい symmetry 、推移性 すいいせい transitivity を別々 べつべつ に確認 かくにん する。同値類 どうちるい equivalence class は、代表元 だいひょうげん そのものではなく、代表元 だいひょうげん と同類 どうるい な元 げん element の集合 しゅうごう set である。分割 ぶんかつ partition が表 あらわ れたら、同 おな じ部品 ぶひん に属 ぞく するという同値関係 どうちかんけい equivalence relation を作 つく れる。
8Recognition criteria
- Use an
equivalence relation when objects should be divided into classes of the same kind.同値関係 どうちかんけい - To prove that a relation is an equivalence relation, check
reflexivity ,反射性 はんしゃせい symmetry , and対称性 たいしょうせい transitivity separately.推移性 すいいせい - An
equivalence class is not a chosen representative. It is the set of all elements equivalent to the representative.同値類 どうちるい - When a
partition appears, one can define an equivalence relation by saying that two elements are in the same block.分割 ぶんかつ
Match properties of the relation with properties of the classification: overlapping equivalence classes are equal, and changing the representative does not change its equivalence class.
9証明 しょうめい 補足 ほそく :2 つの構成 こうせい は互 たが いに逆 ぎゃく である
ここまでで、
を
9Proof supplement: the two constructions are inverse
We have constructed the collection of equivalence classes
from an
Starting with an equivalence relation, and lie in the same equivalence class exactly when , which is equivalent to . Thus the relation reconstructed from the partition is the original relation.
Starting with a partition , the equivalence class of is exactly the unique block of containing . Thus the partition reconstructed from the equivalence classes is itself.