数列 と漸化式
1導入
2数列 と添字
3明示式 と漸化式
のように、 から を
のように、
4初期条件 と一意決定
は、 なら を、 なら を
より
と
を から
は を
では、
5等差数列 と等比数列
である。
である。
6一次漸化式 の基本例
を
は を
となり、
を
7解法 を選択 する観点
差 が一定 なら等差数列 として扱 う。同一 の乗数 で更新 されるなら等比数列 として扱 う。- では、
平衡点 を減 じて等比型 へ変換 する。 複数 の過去項 を含 む場合 、階数 と係数 の構造 を確認 し、特性方程式 等 の適用可能性 を検討 する。添字 の移動 や差分 を統一的 に扱 う場合 、シフト作用素 を使用 する。
8適用上 の注意
9要約
数列 は、各整数 に項 を対応 させる関数 である。明示式 は を添字 から直接 指定 し、漸化式 は既知 の項 から後続項 を指定 する。漸化式 による一意決定 には、階数 に応 じた初期条件 と、各 更新値 の一意 な定義 が必要 である。等差型 、等比型 、平衡点 による変換 が一次 漸化式 の基本 となる。
10関連講義
data/lecture/math/sequence/sequences-portal.lecture.n.md
data/lecture/math/sequence/arithmetic-and-geometric-sequences.lecture.n.md
data/lecture/math/sequence/first-order-recurrences.lecture.n.md
data/lecture/math/sequence/shift-operators-and-recurrences.lecture.n.md
data/lecture/math/sequence/recurrence-types-and-strategies.lecture.n.md
11演習
data/exercise/math/sequence/recurrence-types-and-strategies.exercise.n.md
Sequences and Recurrence Relations
1Introduction
A sequence specifies a term for each natural-number index. An {explicit formula} computes every term directly from its index, whereas a {recurrence relation} determines later terms from known ones. These are two fundamental ways to describe the same mathematical object. This lecture explains their meanings, the role of initial conditions, and their principal examples before directing the reader to the subsequent methods.
2Sequences and Indices
A real sequence is a function that assigns a real number to every integer . We call the th term and the initial term. Unless stated otherwise, this lecture starts indices at . Thus, imposing an update equation “for every ” successively governs wherever is defined.
One may instead start indices at . Under that convention the initial term is , and, for example, the formula corresponding to becomes . Indexing conventions must not be mixed.
3Explicit Formulas and Recurrences
An explicit formula, such as
specifies directly from . By contrast, a recurrence together with an initial condition, such as
specifies relations among the terms and a starting value. Both descriptions give the sequence . An explicit formula is convenient for computing a selected term, while a recurrence naturally expresses change between adjacent terms or a generative process.
4Initial Conditions and Uniqueness
A recurrence alone need not determine a unique sequence. For example,
generates when , but when . The value of is required.
More generally, suppose that
is accompanied by the initial condition , and assigns one real number to every input. A unique real sequence then exists: determines , and every term similarly determines the next.
A second-order recurrence that determines from and usually requires two consecutive initial values. For example,
uniquely generates . More generally, let and consider the order- recurrence
It uniquely updates the highest-index term from the preceding terms. Therefore, specifying the consecutive initial values uniquely determines a real sequence.
5Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences
A constant additive change gives an arithmetic sequence. With common difference ,
A constant multiplicative change gives a geometric sequence. With common ratio ,
The former is recognized through the difference and the latter through a common multiplier. When , the quotient is undefined, so geometric behavior must be tested through without division. The lecture on arithmetic and geometric sequences proves the general-term and finite-sum formulas and handles their exceptional cases.
data/lecture/math/sequence/arithmetic-and-geometric-sequences.lecture.n.md6A Basic First-Order Recurrence
For constants , consider
If , then , so the sequence is arithmetic. If , the equilibrium point
satisfies ; that is, is a {fixed point} of the update map . Define . Then
so the deviation from equilibrium is geometric. Consequently,
The lecture on first-order recurrences gives the detailed derivation, behavior for different values of , and examples.
data/lecture/math/sequence/first-order-recurrences.lecture.n.md7Choosing a Method
- If the difference is constant, use an arithmetic sequence.
- If every update uses the same multiplier, use a geometric sequence.
- For , subtract an equilibrium point to obtain geometric form.
- When several preceding terms occur, identify the order and coefficient structure and examine whether methods such as a characteristic equation apply.
- To treat index shifts and differences uniformly, use the shift operator.
The lecture on recurrence types and strategies develops classification and method selection. The lecture on shift operators and recurrences develops the shift operator and the difference operator .
data/lecture/math/sequence/recurrence-types-and-strategies.lecture.n.md data/lecture/math/sequence/shift-operators-and-recurrences.lecture.n.md8Cautions in Application
Finitely many displayed terms cannot uniquely determine the rule of an infinite sequence: infinitely many sequences can agree on those terms and differ later. Moreover, when a recurrence contains fractions or square roots, one must check that its right-hand side is defined at every stage. Even a formal update rule with initial conditions need not produce all later terms within the specified number system.
9Summary
- A sequence is a function assigning a term to every integer .
- An explicit formula specifies directly from the index; a recurrence specifies later terms from known ones.
- Unique recursive determination requires suitable initial conditions for the order and a uniquely defined value at every update.
- Arithmetic form, geometric form, and an equilibrium shift are the basic tools for first-order recurrences.