ベクトル空間 ・基底 ・階数 -基本演習
Vector spaces, bases , and rank 階数 かいすう - Basic Exercises
data/lecture/math/linear-algebra/vector-spaces-and-bases.lecture.n.md
data/lecture/math/linear-algebra/linear-maps-and-matrices.lecture.n.md
data/lecture/math/linear-algebra/rank-basics.lecture.n.md
1演習 えんしゅう 方針 ほうしん
1Exercise plan
A
For basis and rank problems, first separate the two requirements: spanning and
When a problem asks for rank, nullity, or a basis of a subspace, keep track of which space the vectors live in. Pivot columns of the original matrix give a basis for the column space, nonzero rows of an echelon form give a basis for the row space, and free-variable solutions give a basis for the null space. These are related by rank-nullity but are not interchangeable lists of vectors.
2問題 もんだい 1
が の
2.1解答例 かいとうれい
なので
2.2解説 かいせつ
2Problem 1
Confirm that
is a
2.1Answer example
The zero vector is included because . If , both component sums are 0, so the component sum of is 0. For , the component sum of is . Hence is a subspace.
2.2Explanation
To check a subspace, test the zero vector, closure under sums, and closure under scalar multiples.
3問題 もんだい 2
が、
3.1解答例 かいとうれい
は なので に
3.2解説 かいせつ
3Problem 2
Explain why
are not a
3.1Answer example
is not in because . Therefore are not a basis of .
3.2Explanation
A basis vector must first belong to the target space. Check membership before linear independence or spanning.
4問題 もんだい 3
が
のこの
4.1解答例 かいとうれい
はどちらも
より 、 なので
と
とおくと 、 なので 、 である。したがって
である。
4.2解説 かいせつ
4Problem 3
Show that
are a basis of , and find the coordinates of
with respect to this basis.
4.1Answer example
Both have component sum 0, so they lie in . If , then
so and . They are linearly independent. Any satisfies , so
Thus they span and form a basis. For , and , so . The coordinate vector is
4.2Explanation
Check basis in the order membership, linear independence, and spanning. Coordinates are the coefficients used to mix basis vectors.
5問題 もんだい 4
が
5.1解答例 かいとうれい
2
である。
である。
5.2解説 かいせつ
は 3
5Problem 4
For the linear map represented by
find and .
5.1Answer example
The two rows are linearly independent, so there are two pivots:
By rank-nullity,
5.2Explanation
The input has 3 dimensions. Two dimensions survive in the
6問題 もんだい 5
6.1解答例 かいとうれい
なら
6.2解説 かいせつ
ここでは
6Problem 5
For finite-dimensional spaces of the same dimension, explain the relation between a linear map being
6.1Answer example
If , no nonzero difference of inputs is collapsed to zero, so is injective. For , injective implies surjective, so is invertible. Conversely, if is invertible and , then .
6.2Explanation
The equal-dimension assumption is essential; in unequal dimensions injectivity and surjectivity are not generally equivalent.
7補充問題 ほじゅうもんだい :列 れつ ベクトルcolumn vector と階数 かいすう rank
7.1問題 もんだい 6
が
7.2解答例 かいとうれい
なので
この
7.3問題 もんだい 7
の
7.4解答例 かいとうれい
は
この
7.5問題 もんだい 8
7.6解答例 かいとうれい
、 とすると、 である。したがって
この
7.7問題 もんだい 9
の
について、
7.8解答例 かいとうれい
は
この
7.9問題 もんだい 10
を
7.10解答例 かいとうれい
である。
を
である。
この
7.11問題 もんだい 11
を
7.12解答例 かいとうれい
この
7.13問題 もんだい 12
を、
のそれぞれで
7.14解答例 かいとうれい
である。 とおくと
なので である。したがって
である。ベクトル そのものは
この
7.15問題 もんだい 13
を の
7.16解答例 かいとうれい
すべての
である。
である。したがって
となり、
この
7.17問題 もんだい 14
について、 を
7.18解答例 かいとうれい
なので、
である。したがって
が の
この
7.19問題 もんだい 15
について、 と のそれぞれに
7.20解答例 かいとうれい
の
である。 では
である。したがって であり、
では
となり、
であり、 なので
7.21解説 かいせつ
この
7Supplementary problems: column vectors and rank
7.1Problem 6
Decide whether are linearly independent.
7.2Answer example
They are linearly dependent because .
7.3Problem 7
Give the rank of .
7.4Answer example
are independent and , so the rank is 2.
7.5Problem 8
Explain why a column relation can be written as .
7.6Answer example
If and , then . Thus a column relation is exactly .
7.7Problem 9
For
decide which are subspaces and state which condition fails when not.
7.8Answer example
is not a subspace because it does not contain the zero vector. is a subspace. contains the zero vector but is not closed under scalar multiplication, since while .
7.9Problem 10
Use row operations on
to find , a basis for the column space, and .
7.10Answer example
Pivots are in columns 1 and 2, so . A basis for the column space is given by the original columns
Since there are 3 unknowns, .
7.11Problem 11
Explain how the basis and dimension of change when viewed over versus over .
7.12Answer example
Over , a basis is and the dimension is 1. Over , a basis is and the dimension is 2, because with real coefficients.
7.13Problem 12
Represent in the standard basis and in
7.14Answer example
For the basis , solve . Then and , so . Thus
The vector is unchanged, but its coordinates change.
7.15Problem 13
View as the matrix of the zero map . Find its rank, column space, and kernel dimension.
7.16Answer example
All columns are zero, so . The column space is . Every maps to 0, so and . Thus rank plus nullity is .
7.17Problem 14
For
solve and choose a basis for the column space.
7.18Answer example
Since ,
Thus
solves . The columns are dependent, and form a basis for the column space.
7.19Problem 15
For , decide solvability of for and by comparing ranks.
7.20Answer example
Since the second row of is twice the first, . For , the right side has the same relation, so and solutions exist. Since there are 2 unknowns and rank 1, infinitely many solutions exist.
For ,
so and no solution exists.
7.21Explanation
Equality of the ranks of the coefficient and augmented matrices determines existence; comparison with the number of unknowns determines uniqueness.
8関連講義 かんれんこうぎ
data/lecture/math/linear-algebra/linear-combinations-and-spans.lecture.n.md
data/lecture/math/linear-algebra/vector-spaces-and-bases.lecture.n.md
data/lecture/math/linear-algebra/linear-maps-and-matrices.lecture.n.md
data/lecture/math/linear-algebra/rank-basics.lecture.n.md
data/lecture/math/linear-algebra/column-independence-and-rank.lecture.n.md
8Related lectures
data/lecture/math/linear-algebra/linear-combinations-and-spans.lecture.n.md data/lecture/math/linear-algebra/vector-spaces-and-bases.lecture.n.md data/lecture/math/linear-algebra/linear-maps-and-matrices.lecture.n.md data/lecture/math/linear-algebra/rank-basics.lecture.n.md data/lecture/math/linear-algebra/column-independence-and-rank.lecture.n.md9証明 しょうめい 演習 えんしゅう :基底 きてい 座標 ざひょう の一意性 いちいせい と階数 かいすう ・退化次数 たいかじすう
9.1問題 もんだい
が
が
9.2解答 かいとう
もし と
である。 は
9.3解説 かいせつ
9Proof exercise: uniqueness of basis coordinates and rank-nullity
9.1Problem
Prove that if is a basis, then coordinate representation is unique. Also explain rank-nullity:
9.2Answer
If , then
Since the are linearly independent, every , so .
For rank-nullity, extend a basis of to a basis of . The images of the added basis vectors form a basis of , splitting the dimension into kernel and image parts.
9.3Explanation
A basis makes coordinates unique. Rank-nullity separates those coordinates into collapsed and surviving directions.