ベクトル空間 と基底
Vector spaces and bases
1導入 どうにゅう
この
1Introduction
A
The purpose of this abstraction is to ignore the outward form of the objects and keep only the structure of adding, multiplying by scalars, and forming linear combinations. From that structure alone we can define
2用語 ようご と定義 ていぎ
の
が
から
が
2Terms and definitions
A
For vectors , a vector of the form
is a
The vectors are
forces
A list of vectors that spans and is linearly independent is a
3方針 ほうしん
が を
3Plan
To understand a basis, separate the two ideas “enough” and “no redundancy.”
The vectors span when every vector in can be made from them. This is the “enough” condition. Linear independence means that none of the listed vectors can be made from the others. This is the “no redundancy” condition.
A
4直感的 ちょっかんてき な説明 せつめい
4.11. 平面 へいめん の例 れい
では、
を
は
と
4.22. 基底 きてい は「測り term 方 かた 」を決める term
4Intuitive explanation
4.11. The plane as an example
In , using
any vector
can be written as
Moreover, the coefficients are unique. This is the meaning of coordinates.
4.22. A basis determines a way to measure
The same vector can have different coordinates when the basis changes. The vector itself is an object in the space; coordinates are the numbers obtained by measuring that object using a basis. This distinction becomes important in
5厳密 げんみつ な説明 せつめい
5.11. 基底 きてい による座標 ざひょう 表示 ひょうじ
が の
と
5.22. 一意 いちい 性 せい の証明 しょうめい
もし
なら、
である。
である。したがって がすべての で
ここでは
5Formal explanation
5.11. Coordinate expression by a basis
When is a basis of , every has a unique expression
The list of coefficients is called the
5.22. Proof of uniqueness
Suppose
Subtracting the two expressions gives
Because the basis is linearly independent,
Thus for every .
Only subtraction is used here. No coefficient is divided by, so we do not need to check whether a particular coefficient is nonzero.
6例題 れいだい :基底 きてい かどうかを判定 はんてい する
6.1問題 もんだい
の2つのベクトル
が の
6.2解説 かいせつ
2つのベクトルが の
を
である。1
なので 、したがっ である。よって
この
6Worked example: deciding whether vectors form a basis
6.1Problem
Decide whether the two vectors in
form a basis of .
6.2Explanation
For two vectors in , being a basis is equivalent to being linearly independent. Consider coefficients satisfying
Componentwise, this gives
From the first equation, . Substituting this into the second gives
so , and therefore . Hence the vectors are linearly independent and form a basis of .
This example shows that basis checking is the task of confirming that there is no redundant vector. Later, when we inspect the columns of a matrix, we use the same idea to test linear independence of column vectors.
7実数 じっすう と複素数 ふくそすう で変わる term こと
この
7What changes over real and complex scalars
The same underlying set can become a different vector space when the scalar field changes. For example, is one-dimensional over , but two-dimensional over .
This distinction matters when studying
8定理 ていり と証明 しょうめい :有限 ゆうげん 基底 きてい の本数 ほんすう は一定 いってい である
8.1定理 ていり
8.2証明 しょうめい の方針 ほうしん
2つの
8Theorem and proof idea: finite bases have the same size
8.1Theorem
Every basis of a finite-dimensional vector space has the same number of vectors. This number is the
8.2Proof idea
A full proof uses the exchange lemma. The intuition is this: if linearly independent vectors lie in a space spanned by vectors, then . One cannot create more independent directions than the number of generators available.
Let and be two bases, with and vectors respectively. Since is linearly independent and spans the space, . Conversely, since is linearly independent and spans the space, . Therefore .
9最終形 さいしゅうけい
9Final form
A
Once a basis is chosen, vectors can be represented as lists of numbers. Thus a basis is also the coordinate system that lets us represent linear maps by matrices.