線型性 の基本
Basics of linearity
1導入 どうにゅう
1Introduction
This viewpoint is placed first because later objects such as
2用語 ようご と定義 ていぎ
2Terms and definition
Let and be
The first condition is
3方針 ほうしん
この
足し算 term を保つ term ので、平行四辺形 へいこうしへんけい parallelogram の足し term 合わせ term 方 かた が保た term れる。- スカラー
倍 ばい を保つ term ので、原点 げんてん からの伸び term 縮み term が保た term れる。 - したがって、
線型結合 せんけいけつごう linear combination がそのまま移る term 。 - その
結果 けっか 、基底 きてい basis ベクトルの像 ぞう image だけで写像 しゃぞう 全体 ぜんたい が決まる term 。
この
3Plan
In this lecture, linearity is not treated as a formula to memorize. We use the following order.
- Additivity preserves how vectors are added, so the parallelogram rule is preserved.
- Homogeneity preserves scalar stretching from the origin.
- Therefore every
linear combination is carried to the corresponding linear combination of images.線型結合 せんけいけつごう - As a consequence, the whole map is determined by the
images of the像 ぞう basis vectors.基底 きてい
With this order, the columns of a matrix naturally become the destinations of the basis vectors.
4直感的 ちょっかんてき な説明 せつめい
4.11. 線型 せんけい 性 せい は骨組み term を保つ term
4.22. 線型 せんけい 結合 けつごう がそのまま移る term
つまり、
4.33. 基底 きてい ベクトルの像 ぞう だけで全体 ぜんたい が決まる term
と
である。したがって、 が
4Intuitive explanation
4.11. Linearity preserves the skeleton
A
4.22. Linear combinations are transported unchanged
The central consequence of linearity is that, for finitely many
In words, mixing the ingredients first and then applying the map gives the same result as mapping the ingredients first and then mixing them with the same coefficients.
4.33. The images of basis vectors determine the whole map
If is a
By linearity,
Therefore, once are known, is known for every .
5厳密 げんみつ な説明 せつめい
5.11. 零 れい ベクトルは零 れい ベクトルへ移る term
となるからである。
5.22. 線型 せんけい 結合 けつごう の保存 ほぞん
2
この
5.33. 基底 きてい の像 ぞう による決定 けってい
の
である。よって である。
5Formal explanation
5.11. The zero vector is sent to the zero vector
For a linear map , the identity always holds. Substituting into homogeneity gives, for any ,
The left side is , and the right side is . No division is used here, so no extra nonzero condition is needed.
5.22. Preservation of linear combinations
For two terms this is exactly the definition. For several terms, repeat additivity and then use homogeneity.
This fact will be used later to explain the
5.33. Determination by images of a basis
Let be a basis of . If two linear maps agree on every basis vector, then for every ,
Hence .
6例題 れいだい :基底 きてい の像 ぞう から行列 ぎょうれつ を作る term
6.1問題 もんだい
が
を
6.2解説 かいせつ
である。 なので、
これは
この
6Worked example: building a matrix from basis images
6.1Problem
Let be a linear map satisfying
Find the matrix of in the standard basis, and then find the image of .
6.2Explanation
In the standard basis, the first column of the matrix is , and the second column is . Therefore
Since , linearity gives
The same result is obtained by matrix multiplication.
The point of this example is to view a matrix not merely as a table of numbers, but as a list of the images of the basis vectors. This viewpoint prepares for
7操作 そうさ で変わる term もの・保存 ほぞん されるもの
この
7What changes and what is preserved
A linear map preserves linear combinations, subspace structure, and the zero vector. It does not necessarily preserve length, angle, area, or dimension. For example, a projection can collapse information from a plane onto a line; it is linear, but it reduces dimension.
This distinction matters. An
Projection, orthogonal matrices, and unitary matrices are defined later. Here they are only a preview of the fact that being linear does not determine which additional quantities an operation preserves.
8定理 ていり と証明 しょうめい :核 かく と像 ぞう は線型 せんけい 構造 こうぞう を保つ term
8.1定理 ていり
8.2証明 しょうめい
まず を
だから である。また について、
だから である。よって は
だから である。
だから である。よって は
8Theorem and proof: the kernel and image preserve linear structure
8.1Theorem
For a linear map , is a subspace of , and is a subspace of .
8.2Proof
First consider . Since , we have . If , then
so . Also, for ,
so . Hence is a subspace.
Next consider . Since , we have . If and , then
so . Similarly,
so . Hence is a subspace.
9最終形 さいしゅうけい
このため、
9Final form
Linearity means satisfying additivity and homogeneity at the same time.
The essence is that linear combinations are transported unchanged.
Therefore, specifying the images of the basis vectors determines the whole linear map, and in the standard basis those images become the columns of the matrix.