線型代数 ポータル
linear algebra portal
1導入 どうにゅう
このノートは、
1Introduction
This page is the entrance to the foundational
The English route should be read as the same course map, not as a shortened summary. Start with
When choosing a next page, check what kind of question you are answering. Computational questions usually point to row reduction, determinants, inverse matrices, or matrix products. Structural questions usually point to bases, kernels, images, rank, similarity, or diagonalization. Metric questions use inner products, projections, least squares, orthogonal diagonalization, SVD, and pseudoinverses.
2学習 がくしゅう の全体像 ぜんたいぞう
この
2Overall map
The central object is not a table of numbers but a
With this viewpoint, a
3前提 ぜんてい と射程 しゃてい
この
3Assumptions and scope
The basic setting is a finite-dimensional
The important habit is to keep the hypotheses of every theorem. Orthogonal diagonalization of a symmetric matrix does not apply to an arbitrary diagonalizable matrix. Tests using a
4直感的 ちょっかんてき な見取 みと り図 ず
この
5変 か わるものと保存 ほぞん されるもの
この
60. 線型性 せんけいせい linearity ・線型写像 せんけいしゃぞう linear map ・行列 ぎょうれつ matrix の列 れつ column
この
4Intuitive guide
The intuition of
| Concept | Geometric reading | Later question it answers |
|---|---|---|
| All output directions reachable from inputs | Does a solution exist? | |
| Input directions sent to zero | Is information lost? | |
| Dimension that survives without collapse | How much information is preserved by the map? | |
| Scale factor of area or volume | Is the map | |
| Scale factor on an axis whose direction does not change | Can the transformation be decomposed by direction? | |
| Tool for measuring length, angle, and orthogonality | Can projection or least squares be used? |
Keeping this overview first connects
5What changes and what is preserved
In
| Operation or viewpoint | What changes | What is preserved | Why to check it |
|---|---|---|---|
| Coordinate representation and matrix representation | The vector itself and the | To avoid confusing a representation with the object represented | |
| The visible equations and the arrangement of the column space | The solution set of the system, | To justify reading solutions after elimination | |
| Coordinates of unknowns and the representation of the row space | To understand the operation as replacing a generating set | ||
| A vector is decomposed into a component in a subspace and an error | The property of being the nearest point in the | To give the reason for least squares | |
| Coordinate axes and matrix representation | The | To decompose a complicated transformation into direction-wise scale factors |
This table previews properties proved in later lectures. Although it looks slightly ahead in the order of study, the reason for considering each
60. Linearity, linear maps, and matrix columns
Therefore the images of
71. 計算道具 けいさんどうぐ computational tool の基礎 きそ
ここでの
71. Basic computational tools
After adopting the viewpoint of
The caution here is not to detach the computation from the linear map. Matrix multiplication represents
82. 連立一次方程式 れんりついちじほうていしき system of linear equations ・基本変形 きほんへんけい elementary operation ・可逆性 かぎゃくせい invertibility
82. Systems, elementary operations, and invertibility
The equation asks for an input that reaches the output .
93. 基底変換 きていへんかん change of basis ・相似 そうじ similarity
93. Change of basis 基底変換 きていへんかん and similarity 相似 そうじ
A change of basis changes the coordinate representation, not the vector or
104. 行列式 ぎょうれつしき determinant ・体積倍率 たいせきばいりつ volume scale factor ・可逆性 かぎゃくせい invertibility
data/lecture/math/linear-algebra/determinants.lecture.n.md
data/lecture/math/linear-algebra/determinant-computation-rules.lecture.n.md
data/lecture/math/linear-algebra/cofactor-expansion-and-invertibility.lecture.n.md
104. Determinants 行列式 ぎょうれつしき , volume scaling, and invertibility 可逆性 かぎゃくせい
data/lecture/math/linear-algebra/determinants.lecture.n.md
data/lecture/math/linear-algebra/determinant-computation-rules.lecture.n.md
data/lecture/math/linear-algebra/cofactor-expansion-and-invertibility.lecture.n.md
A
115. 内積 ないせき inner product ・直交 ちょっこう orthogonality ・射影 しゃえい projection
115. Inner products, orthogonality, and projection
Linearity alone does not measure length or angle. Adding an inner product introduces length, angle, orthogonality, and projection.
126. 固有値 こゆうち eigenvalue ・固有ベクトル eigenvector ・対角化 たいかくか diagonalization
data/lecture/math/linear-algebra/eigenvalues-and-eigenvectors.lecture.n.md
data/lecture/math/linear-algebra/eigenvalue-problem-basics.lecture.n.md
data/lecture/math/linear-algebra/diagonalization-basics.lecture.n.md
126. eigenvalues 固有値 こゆうち , eigenvectors 固有 こゆう ベクトル , and diagonalization
An
137. 内積 ないせき inner product と固有値 こゆうち eigenvalue の交点 こうてん
data/lecture/math/linear-algebra/symmetric-matrices-and-orthogonal-diagonalization.lecture.n.md
data/lecture/math/linear-algebra/quadratic-forms-and-positive-definite-matrices.lecture.n.md
137. Where inner products and eigenvalues 固有値 こゆうち meet
data/lecture/math/linear-algebra/symmetric-matrices-and-orthogonal-diagonalization.lecture.n.md
data/lecture/math/linear-algebra/quadratic-forms-and-positive-definite-matrices.lecture.n.md
For symmetric and Hermitian matrices,
Over the complex numbers,
In the complex route, it is easier to proceed from
148. 発展 はってん への入口 いりぐち
data/lecture/math/linear-algebra/introduction-to-singular-value-decomposition.lecture.n.md
data/lecture/math/linear-algebra/pseudoinverse-basics.lecture.n.md
data/lecture/math/linear-algebra/minimal-polynomial-basics.lecture.n.md
data/lecture/math/linear-algebra/companion-matrix-basics.lecture.n.md
data/lecture/math/linear-algebra/introduction-to-jordan-canonical-form.lecture.n.md
148. Entrance to advanced topics
data/lecture/math/linear-algebra/introduction-to-singular-value-decomposition.lecture.n.md data/lecture/math/linear-algebra/pseudoinverse-basics.lecture.n.md data/lecture/math/linear-algebra/minimal-polynomial-basics.lecture.n.md data/lecture/math/linear-algebra/companion-matrix-basics.lecture.n.md data/lecture/math/linear-algebra/introduction-to-jordan-canonical-form.lecture.n.md15演習 えんしゅう リンク
16推奨順序 すいしょうじゅんじょ
16.1線型性 せんけいせい linearity から入 はい る推奨経路 すいしょうけいろ
線型性 せんけいせい linearity を加法性 かほうせい additivity と同次性 どうじせい homogeneity から確認 かくにん する。ベクトル vector の基本演算 きほんえんざん basic operation を、線型性 せんけいせい linearity によって保存 ほぞん preservation される操作 そうさ operation として確認 かくにん する。線型結合 せんけいけつごう linear combination と生成空間 せいせいくうかん span を確認 かくにん する。基底 きてい basis により任意 にんい arbitrary のベクトル vector を一意 いちい unique に表 あらわ せることを確認 かくにん する。線型写像 せんけいしゃぞう linear map を、基底 きてい ベクトルbasis vector の像 ぞう image で決 き まる変換 へんかん transformation として理解 りかい する。行列 ぎょうれつ matrix の列 れつ column を、基底 きてい ベクトルbasis vector の像 ぞう image として読 よ む。行列 ぎょうれつ matrix の積 せき product を、線型写像 せんけいしゃぞう linear map の合成 ごうせい composition として整理 せいり する。階数 かいすう rank を像 ぞう image の次元 じげん dimension 、核 かく kernel を零 れい zero へ潰 つぶ れる入力方向 にゅうりょくほうこう input direction として読 よ む。連立一次方程式 れんりついちじほうていしき system of linear equations 、行基本変形 ぎょうきほんへんけい elementary row operation 、可逆性 かぎゃくせい invertibility を写像 しゃぞう map の情報保存 じょうほうほぞん information preservation として理解 りかい する。基底変換 きていへんかん change of basis で表示 ひょうじ representation だけを変 か える感覚 かんかく を確認 かくにん する。行列式 ぎょうれつしき determinant を体積倍率 たいせきばいりつ volume scale factor 、内積 ないせき inner product を長 なが さlength と角度 かくど angle 、固有値 こゆうち eigenvalue を方向 ほうこう direction ごとの倍率 ばいりつ scale factor として接続 せつぞく する。
16.2計算 けいさん から入 はい る補助経路 ほじょけいろ
行列 ぎょうれつ matrix の基本演算 きほんえんざん basic operation とサイズ 条件 じょうけん size condition を確認 かくにん する。行基本変形 ぎょうきほんへんけい elementary row operation と階段形 かいだんけい echelon form を用 もち いて掃 は き出 だ し法 ほう Gaussian elimination へ進行 しんこう する。逆行列 ぎゃくぎょうれつ inverse matrix の計算手順 けいさんてじゅん computational procedure と行列式 ぎょうれつしき determinant の計算規則 けいさんきそく calculation rule を確認 かくにん する。計算 けいさん calculation で得 え たピボット pivot 、階数 かいすう rank 、行列式 ぎょうれつしき determinant を、線型写像 せんけいしゃぞう linear map の像 ぞう image ・核 かく kernel ・体積倍率 たいせきばいりつ volume scale factor として読 よ み直 なお す。
15Exercise links
After checking definitions and reasons in the lectures, the exercises ask not only whether a computation can be done but also what each operation preserves and what it changes. Worked examples are used to stabilize understanding, while exercise problems check whether you can make the judgment yourself.
data/exercise/math/linear-algebra/linearity-and-linear-maps.exercise.n.md data/exercise/math/linear-algebra/vectors-and-linear-combinations.exercise.n.md data/exercise/math/linear-algebra/matrix-computation-and-linear-transformations.exercise.n.md data/exercise/math/linear-algebra/change-of-basis-and-similarity.exercise.n.md data/exercise/math/linear-algebra/elementary-operations-and-linear-systems.exercise.n.md data/exercise/math/linear-algebra/echelon-forms-and-gaussian-elimination.exercise.n.md data/exercise/math/linear-algebra/elementary-column-operations-and-variable-changes.exercise.n.md data/exercise/math/linear-algebra/determinants-and-invertibility.exercise.n.md data/exercise/math/linear-algebra/vector-spaces-bases-and-rank.exercise.n.md data/exercise/math/linear-algebra/inner-products-orthogonality-and-projections.exercise.n.md data/exercise/math/linear-algebra/complex-inner-products-and-unitary-matrices.exercise.n.md data/exercise/math/linear-algebra/eigenvalues-diagonalization-and-extensions.exercise.n.md data/exercise/math/linear-algebra/quadratic-forms-minimal-polynomials-and-jordan-form.exercise.n.md data/exercise/math/linear-algebra/svd-and-pseudoinverses.exercise.n.md16Recommended order
16.1Recommended route starting from linearity 線型性 せんけいせい
- Check
linearity through additivity and homogeneity.線型性 せんけいせい - Check the basic operations on
vectors ベクトル as operations preserved by linearity. - Check
linear combinations and spans.線型結合 せんけいけつごう - Check that a
basis represents every vector uniquely.基底 きてい - Understand a
linear map as a transformation determined by the images of basis vectors.線型写像 せんけいしゃぞう - Read the
columns of a matrix as images of basis vectors.列 れつ - Read matrix products as composition of linear maps.
- Read
rank as image dimension and階数 かいすう kernel as input directions collapsed to zero.核 かく - Interpret systems of linear equations, row operations, and invertibility as information preservation.
- Use change of basis to develop the habit of changing only the representation.
- Connect determinants to volume scale factors, inner products to length and angle, and
eigenvalues to direction-wise scale factors.固有値 こゆうち
16.2Computation-first auxiliary route
- Check matrix operations and size conditions.
- Use elementary row operations and echelon forms to proceed toward Gaussian elimination.
- Check inverse-matrix procedures and determinant calculation rules.
- Reinterpret pivots,
rank , and determinants as the image, kernel, and volume scale factor of a階数 かいすう linear map .線型写像 せんけいしゃぞう