図形 の領域
1導入
2領域 と境界
ある
3直線 が定 める半平面
とし、
とする。 のとき、 であるため、
3.1例
の
4円 が定 める領域
は、
は
5複数条件 の共通部分
6要約
本講義 で扱 う一次式 と円 では、対応 する等式 が領域 の境界 を与 える。代表点 への代入 により、一次不等式 が指定 する半平面 を判定 できる。円 に関 する不等式 は、中心 からの距離 と半径 の比較 として解釈 する。複数条件 を同時 に課 す場合 、求 める領域 は各領域 の共通部分 である。
Geometric Regions
1Introduction
This lecture interprets inequalities in two variables as conditions on points in the plane. For linear expressions and squared distances from a center, it explains how an equation specifies a boundary and an inequality selects one side of that boundary.
2Regions and boundaries
A region is a set of points in the plane satisfying a condition. Its boundary is the set separating points inside the region from points outside it. For a general inequality, the solution set of the corresponding equation need not be exactly the boundary. The cases below are restricted to linear expressions and circles, for which the boundary can be identified precisely.
3Half-planes determined by a line
Let and define
If , then . Its sign is constant on each side of the line and reverses upon crossing the line. If , then and , which gives the same conclusion on the two sides of the vertical line . Thus divides the plane into two half-planes, and represents one half-plane together with its boundary line.
Choose a test point that does not lie on the boundary and substitute its coordinates into . The resulting sign identifies the half-plane satisfying the inequality. When the origin is not on the boundary, is often a convenient test point.
3.1Example
The boundary of
is . Substitution of gives , so the required region is the side containing the origin, including the boundary line.
4Regions determined by a circle
The quantity
is the squared distance from to the center . Therefore describes the interior of the circle, its circumference, and its exterior. The inequality describes the closed disk: the union of the interior and circumference.
5Intersections of conditions
The region satisfying several inequalities simultaneously is the intersection of their individual regions. Identify every boundary, determine the side selected by each condition, and then retain their common part.
6Summary
- In the linear and circular cases treated here, the corresponding equation specifies the boundary of the region.
- Substitution of a test point determines the half-plane selected by a linear inequality.
- A circular inequality compares the distance from the center with the radius.
- Simultaneous conditions describe the intersection of their regions.