イデアルと商環
ideals and quotient rings
To construct a
1イデアルの定義 ていぎ
により は
1Definition of an ideal イデアル
A subset of a ring is an
The condition makes nonempty. The first condition says that is a
In a commutative ring, and are the same, so it is enough to check one side.
2何故 なぜ イデアルが必要 ひつよう か
は
なので
この
と
ここでの
2Why ideals イデアル are necessary
In a
Because is an additive subgroup, this is an equivalence relation. Reflexivity follows from . If , then , which gives symmetry. If and , then
which gives transitivity.
Using the equivalence classes built from this
Assuming that is an additive subgroup, absorption from both sides—the remaining ideal condition—is necessary for this multiplication to be independent of representatives.
Here the equivalence class of can be written as . In a quotient ring, these classes are treated as the elements.
3整数 せいすう の例 れい
は のイデアルである。
は、
3Example from the integers
is an
The
groups integers while ignoring differences that are multiples of . This is exactly the world of
4商群 しょうぐん との対応 たいおう
| イデアル | |
どちらも、
4Correspondence with quotient groups 商群 しょうぐん
| Group theory | Ring theory |
|---|---|
| Kernel of a | Kernel of a |
| First | First |
In both settings, the part collapsed as a
Ring homomorphisms and the first isomorphism theorem are treated later. This table is a roadmap showing that ideals will later appear as kernels.
5何 なに を変 か えて何 なに を保存 ほぞん するか
5What changes and what is preserved
In a
6証明 しょうめい 補足 ほそく :商環 しょうかん の演算 えんざん が代表元 だいひょうげん によらない理由 りゆう
を
で
、 とする。これは 、 という
なので である。
である。 であり、 は
この
である。したがって 、、すなわち である。よって
となる。
6Proof supplement: why quotient-ring operations do not depend on representatives
Let be an
We prove that this
Suppose and . This means and . For addition,
so .
For multiplication,
Since and remains inside itself when multiplied by elements of the ring, . Similarly, . Therefore , so .
This
Conversely, suppose that is an additive subgroup and that is independent of representatives. If , then . Hence, for every ,
Thus and , so . Therefore well-definedness of multiplication forces absorption from both sides. Together with the additive-subgroup condition, the ideal condition is not only sufficient but also necessary.
Now that the operations are well-defined, the ring axioms can also be checked. The additive identity is , the additive inverse of is , and the multiplicative identity is . For example, distributivity follows from
Associativity and commutativity of addition, associativity of multiplication, and the other distributive law follow by applying the corresponding axiom in to representatives. Therefore the set of residue classes with these operations is a ring. When , we have and obtain the zero ring, which this material includes among rings.
7演習 えんしゅう リンク
data/exercise/math/abstract-algebra/rings-ideals-and-quotient-rings.exercise.n.md
7Exercise link
data/exercise/math/abstract-algebra/rings-ideals-and-quotient-rings.exercise.n.md8まとめ
イデアルは、
8Summary
An