正規部分群 と商群
normal subgroups and quotient groups 商群 しょうぐん
To merely form the set of
1正規部分群 せいきぶぶんぐん の定義 ていぎ
が
と
を の による
が
1Definition of a normal subgroup 正規部分群 せいきぶぶんぐん
A
holds. In this case we write
The element is called the
holds.
To verify equivalence, first suppose . Since , there is with , so . Conversely, assume the conjugation condition. Then , giving . Applying the condition with gives and hence , so . Thus .
2何故 なぜ 正規性 せいきせい が必要 ひつよう か
で
2Why normality is necessary
We want to define the product of
For this
Normality is the condition that guarantees this well-definedness.
3商群 しょうぐん
のとき、
は、
によって
と
3Quotient groups
When , the set of all
becomes a
Well-definedness is proved below. The group axioms follow from
Thus the identity is and the inverse of is . This group is called a quotient group.
In a
4具体例 ぐたいれい :整数 せいすう の商群 しょうぐん
とする。 において、 は
は、
4Concrete example: quotient groups 商群 しょうぐん of integers
Let . In , the
The
is the group obtained by classifying integers by their remainders modulo .
5何 なに を変 か えて何 なに を保存 ほぞん するか
5What changes and what is preserved
In a
6証明 しょうめい 補足 ほそく :商群 しょうぐん の演算 えんざん が代表元 だいひょうげん によらず定 さだ まる条件 じょうけん
とする。
で
まず が
である。 は
が
つまり、
6Proof supplement: the condition for quotient-group operations to be well-defined
Let . We want to define multiplication of
For this
First suppose is normal. Let and . Then there exist such that and . Hence
Since is normal, , and therefore . Thus . The product is independent of representatives.
Conversely, suppose this product is always well-defined. Take any and . As left
must be the same
Thus normality is precisely the condition that makes it consistent to multiply
7演習 えんしゅう リンク
data/exercise/math/abstract-algebra/cosets-normal-subgroups-and-quotient-groups.exercise.n.md
7Exercise link
data/exercise/math/abstract-algebra/cosets-normal-subgroups-and-quotient-groups.exercise.n.md8反例 はんれい :すべての部分群 ぶぶんぐん が正規 せいき とは限 かぎ らない
であり、
である。ここで と は
この
8Counterexample: not every subgroup 部分群 ぶぶんぐん is normal
In the symmetric group , consider . This is a
while
Here and are different permutations. Therefore , so is not a
In this example, the set of cosets can be formed, but their multiplication depends on representatives. Indeed, . Computing with representative gives , while representative gives . If these cosets were equal, then would lie in , a contradiction. Thus in noncommutative groups, checking normality is essential.
9まとめ
9Summary
Normality is the necessary and sufficient condition for defining multiplication of cosets independently of representatives and hence for putting a group structure on their set. A quotient group is the structure that remains after collapsing differences inside a normal subgroup.