環 の基本
Basics of rings
A
The reason to study rings is to handle
1環 かん の定義 ていぎ
まず、 は
さらに、
ここで
1Definition of a ring
A triple consisting of a
First, is an
Next, is a monoid. Thus multiplication satisfies the
Furthermore, addition and multiplication are connected by the
These axioms hold for every choice of . Some conventions do not require ; in this material, unless stated otherwise, rings have a multiplicative identity. This definition includes the zero ring, in which . Structures that exclude the zero ring, such as fields and integral domains, explicitly require in their definitions.
2何故 なぜ 乗法逆元 じょうほうぎゃくげん を要求 ようきゅう しないか
であり、0
2Why multiplicative inverses are not required
In the integer ring , the multiplicative inverse of 2 does not exist among the integers. If the
A ring does not require division. Instead, it preserves the structure in which addition and multiplication work together.
A commutative ring with in which every nonzero element has a multiplicative inverse is a
3基本 きほん 例 れい
| では |
は のときの
3Basic examples
| Addition | Multiplication | Feature | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Addition of integers | Multiplication of integers | Division is generally not closed | |
| Addition of residue classes | Multiplication of residue classes | For composite moduli, two nonzero classes can have product zero | |
| Addition of polynomials | Multiplication of polynomials | Polynomial ring with integer coefficients | |
| Addition of matrices | Matrix multiplication | Noncommutative when |
Because matrix multiplication is noncommutative, commutativity of multiplication is not always required in rings.
data/lecture/math/linear-algebra/meaning-of-matrix-multiplication.lecture.n.mdThe example for is included as a standard noncommutative ring. The detailed theory of matrices is not needed for the definition of rings in this chapter.
4何 なに が保存 ほぞん されるか
4What is preserved
In a
5公理 こうり から従 したが う基本恒等式 きほんこうとうしき
が
たとえば
である。
なので、 は の
も
5Basic identities derived from the axioms
For every in a ring,
hold. These are not additional axioms; they follow from the distributive laws and additive inverses.
For example,
Adding to both sides in the additive group gives . Moreover,
so is the additive inverse of and hence . The proof of is analogous. Consequently,
also follows, since .
6演習 えんしゅう リンク
data/exercise/math/abstract-algebra/rings-ideals-and-quotient-rings.exercise.n.md
6Exercise link
data/exercise/math/abstract-algebra/rings-ideals-and-quotient-rings.exercise.n.md7補足 ほそく :単元 たんげん と体 たい の違 ちが い
となることである。
たとえば の
7Supplement: units and the difference from fields 体 たい
An element of a
In a
For example, the only units in are and . The element 2 is an element of , but there is no integer such that . Thus in rings, being able to multiply and being able to divide must be distinguished.
8注意 ちゅうい :可換 かかん でない環 かん
8Warning: noncommutative rings
The matrix ring is not commutative when : there exist matrices for which . Therefore, in ring calculations, the
9まとめ
9Summary
A