整域 ・零因子 ・多項式環
integral domains , zero divisors 零因子 れいいんし , and polynomial rings 多項式環 たこうしきかん
In a
1零因子 れいいんし
または
となることである。
たとえば では、
である。 も も 0 ではないので、
1Zero divisors
A nonzero element of a ring is a
or
For example, in ,
Both and are nonzero, so they are
2整域 せいいき
が
2Integral domains
An
holds.
The integer ring is an
3定理 ていり :整域 せいいき の消去法則 しょうきょほうそく
が
である。 であり、
ここでは
3Theorem: cancellation in an integral domain 整域 せいいき
In an
Proof. If , distributivity gives
Since and an integral domain has no zero divisors, , hence .
No division is used here. We are not dividing by a nonzero element; we are using the absence of
4多項式環 たこうしきかん
の
と
で
この
また、、、 とすると、 と の の
なので、
となることから
0 でない
4Polynomial rings
Let be a commutative ring. A
Here “formal” means that the polynomial is the coefficient sequence with all but finitely many coefficients equal to 0, rather than the function obtained by substituting values for . The set of all such polynomials is denoted by
Define addition coefficientwise and multiplication by distributivity:
With these operations, is a ring. Its additive identity is the zero polynomial, and its multiplicative identity is the constant polynomial 1. For example, is the ring of polynomials with integer coefficients.
We verify this claim through coefficients. If two coefficient sequences have finite support, then their sum and the product defined above also have finite support, so both operations are closed on . Associativity and commutativity of addition follow coefficientwise from , and the additive inverse of is .
Now let , , and . The coefficient of in both and is
so multiplication is associative. The constant polynomial 1 is the multiplicative identity. For example, distributivity follows because the coefficient of in is
The other distributive law is similar. Finally, multiplication is commutative because is commutative. Thus is indeed a commutative ring.
For a nonzero polynomial with , the integer is the
5定理 ていり :整域 せいいき 上 じょう の多項式環 たこうしきかん も整域 せいいき
が
が
の の
5Theorem: a polynomial ring over an integral domain is an integral domain
If is an
Proof. Let and , and let and be the leading coefficients of and , respectively. Since and are nonzero, and . Because is an integral domain, .
The coefficient of in is , and no term of higher degree occurs. Thus and . Therefore a product of nonzero polynomials is nonzero; since is commutative and has , it is an integral domain.
6体 たい との関係 かんけい
が
6Relation with fields 体 たい
The formal definition of a
Every
This step uses , so it is necessary to check that .
7演習 えんしゅう リンク
7Exercise link
At this point, Problems 1 and 4 in the following exercise are ready. After studying fields, continue with Problems 2 and 3 and the proof exercise; after studying finite fields, complete Problem 5.
data/exercise/math/abstract-algebra/integral-domains-fields-and-finite-fields.exercise.n.md8まとめ
8Summary
A