部分群 と生成
subgroups and generation 生成 せいせい
Inside a
A
1部分群 ぶぶんぐん の定義 ていぎ
かつ、
が
この
1Definition of a subgroup 部分群 ぶぶんぐん
A subset of a group is a
In practice, it can be tested by the following criterion.
and for all ,
If these hold, then is a
This criterion may look like division, but it uses the inverse that exists in the ambient group . What must be proved is that inverses and products also remain in the smaller set .
2具体例 ぐたいれい
の
は
2Concrete examples
Inside , the set of all even integers
is a
On the other hand, the set of natural numbers is not a
3生成元 せいせいげん
として
と
を が
3Generators
Given a subset of a group , consider all finite products
Their set is the subgroup generated by . The empty product for is defined to be the identity , so when .
It is written
A group generated by one element ,
is the cyclic subgroup generated by . Here and for . A group is called cyclic when for some .
4例 れい :剰余類 じょうよるい の巡回群 じゅんかいぐん
では、 は
が の
である。これが
は のいずれかである。
4Example: cyclic groups of residue classes
In , the element generates the whole group.
are obtained by repeatedly adding . On the other hand, the
To verify that these are all its elements, write an arbitrary integer multiple of as , and write as with . Then
which is one of . Conversely, taking and gives these three elements, respectively. Hence the displayed set equals .
5何 なに が保存 ほぞん されるか
5What is preserved
In a
6証明 しょうめい 補足 ほそく :部分群判定法 ぶぶんぐんはんていほう と生成部分群 せいせいぶぶんぐん の最小性 さいしょうせい
を
が
この
6Proof supplement: subgroup 部分群 ぶぶんぐん criterion and minimality of generated subgroups 部分群 ぶぶんぐん
Let be a group and let be a nonempty subset. If
holds, then is a
Proof. Since is nonempty, there exists . Then . Next let . Since , applying the condition to gives . Finally, if , we already know , so applying the condition to gives . Thus contains the identity, inverses, and products. Associativity is inherited from the operation on , so is a group and hence a subgroup.
The set of finite products contains the empty product . Listing the factors of two finite products in order gives their product, and reversing the factors while inverting each one gives the inverse. Associativity is inherited from , so this set is a subgroup.
The generated subgroup can also be defined as the intersection of all subgroups that contain :
This intersection is a subgroup, because the identity lies in every such and products and inverses are closed in each . Also, since every such contains , the intersection contains . Moreover, any subgroup containing is one of those being intersected, so . Therefore is the smallest subgroup containing . The set of finite products defined earlier is itself a subgroup containing , so it contains this intersection. Conversely, every subgroup containing contains every finite product of elements of and their inverses. Thus the two definitions agree.
7計算 けいさん 補足 ほそく : で が生成 せいせい する部分群 ぶぶんぐん
、 とする。
である。この
となる。
さらに、 で なら となり、 が の
である。
たとえば で を
である。
7Calculation supplement: the subgroup 部分群 ぶぶんぐん generated by in
Let and . The
The first positive integer for which this sequence returns to is the smallest satisfying . Write , , and . Then and
To justify the last equivalence, use Bezout's identity. Since , there are integers such that . If , then both terms on the right of are divisible by , so ; the converse is immediate. Thus the least possible is .
Moreover, if and , then , contradicting the minimality of because . Hence are distinct. Since , the sequence then repeats with period . Therefore
For example, in , consider . Since , the generated
8演習 えんしゅう リンク
data/exercise/math/abstract-algebra/groups-and-subgroups.exercise.n.md
8Exercise link
data/exercise/math/abstract-algebra/groups-and-subgroups.exercise.n.md9まとめ
9Summary
A