群 と部分群 基本 演習
groups and subgroups 部分群 ぶぶんぐん : basic exercises
1対応 たいおう する講義 こうぎ
data/lecture/math/abstract-algebra/semigroups-monoids-and-groups.lecture.n.md
data/lecture/math/abstract-algebra/group-basics.lecture.n.md
data/lecture/math/abstract-algebra/subgroups-and-generators.lecture.n.md
1Corresponding lectures
data/lecture/math/abstract-algebra/semigroups-monoids-and-groups.lecture.n.md data/lecture/math/abstract-algebra/group-basics.lecture.n.md data/lecture/math/abstract-algebra/subgroups-and-generators.lecture.n.md2取 と り組 く む順序 じゅんじょ
「
2Suggested order
After “Semigroups, monoids, and groups,” complete Problem 1 and the proof exercise. After “Subgroups and generators,” complete Problems 2–3. The page prerequisites describe what is needed to complete the whole page.
3関連 かんれん 演習 えんしゅう
data/exercise/math/abstract-algebra/algebraic-structures-and-binary-operations.exercise.n.md
data/exercise/math/abstract-algebra/cosets-normal-subgroups-and-quotient-groups.exercise.n.md
3Related exercises
data/exercise/math/abstract-algebra/algebraic-structures-and-binary-operations.exercise.n.md data/exercise/math/abstract-algebra/cosets-normal-subgroups-and-quotient-groups.exercise.n.md4問題 もんだい 1:半群 はんぐん ・モノイド・群 ぐん の条件 じょうけん を判定 はんてい する
ここでは とする。 は
4Problem 1: test the semigroup, monoid, and group conditions
Here . Determine which of the semigroup, monoid, and
4.1解答 かいとう
4.1Answer
Addition is closed and associative on the natural numbers, so is a semigroup. Since 0 is an identity element, it is also a monoid. It is not a group, because, for example, the additive inverse of 3 is not in .
4.2解説 かいせつ
4.2Explanation
In a group, every element must have an inverse. Closure and
5問題 もんだい 2:部分群 ぶぶんぐん subgroup か判定 はんてい する
は の
5Problem 2: decide whether it is a subgroup 部分群 ぶぶんぐん
Is a
5.1解答 かいとう
である。
5.1Answer
It is a
5.2解説 かいせつ
5.2Explanation
For an additive group, the
6問題 もんだい 3:生成 せいせい される部分群 ぶぶんぐん subgroup
で が
6Problem 3: generated subgroup 部分群 ぶぶんぐん
In , find the
6.1解答 かいとう
の
なので、どの
である。
6.1Answer
Every integer multiple of has the form . Write any as with . Then
so every integer multiple is one of . Conversely, taking and gives these four elements, respectively. Both inclusions therefore hold, and
6.2解説 かいせつ
6.2Explanation
The
7証明 しょうめい 演習 えんしゅう :積 せき の逆元 ぎゃくげん と方程式 ほうていしき
7Proof exercise: inverse of a product and equations
7.1問題 もんだい
7.1Problem
For elements of a group , prove . Also solve and , and prove that each solution is unique.
7.2解答 かいとう
なので、
の
7.2Answer
We have
Uniqueness of inverses therefore gives .
Operating on the left of by gives , so every solution is forced to have this value. Operating on the right of by gives , again forcing every solution to have that value. Substitution verifies both candidates, so each solution exists and is unique.
7.3解説 かいせつ
7.3Explanation
Order matters in a noncommutative group. Undoing a product requires inverses in reverse order, and solving an equation requires operating on the side determined by the position of the unknown.