代数的構造 と二項演算 基本 演習
algebraic structures and binary operations 二項演算 にこうえんざん : basic exercises
1対応 たいおう する講義 こうぎ
data/lecture/math/abstract-algebra/introduction-to-algebraic-structures.lecture.n.md
data/lecture/math/abstract-algebra/binary-operations-and-closure.lecture.n.md
data/lecture/math/abstract-algebra/semigroups-monoids-and-groups.lecture.n.md
1Corresponding lectures
data/lecture/math/abstract-algebra/introduction-to-algebraic-structures.lecture.n.md data/lecture/math/abstract-algebra/binary-operations-and-closure.lecture.n.md data/lecture/math/abstract-algebra/semigroups-monoids-and-groups.lecture.n.mdProblems 1–3 can be attempted after the lecture on binary operations. Attempt Problem 4 after the lecture on semigroups, monoids, and groups.
2関連 かんれん 演習 えんしゅう
data/exercise/math/abstract-algebra/groups-and-subgroups.exercise.n.md
data/exercise/math/abstract-algebra/rings-ideals-and-quotient-rings.exercise.n.md
2Related exercises
data/exercise/math/abstract-algebra/groups-and-subgroups.exercise.n.md data/exercise/math/abstract-algebra/rings-ideals-and-quotient-rings.exercise.n.md3問題 もんだい 1:二項演算 にこうえんざん binary operation か判定 はんてい する
3Problem 1: decide whether an operation is binary
Is
3.1解答 かいとう
であり、 だからである。
3.1Answer
It is not a
and .
3.2解説 かいせつ
3.2Explanation
For a
4問題 もんだい 2:単位元 たんいげん identity element を求 もと める
4Problem 2: find an identity element 単位元 たんいげん
On , consider the operation . Find the
4.1解答 かいとう
である。したがって
より である。
4.1Answer
Let the
Therefore
so . Similarly, also holds, so the
4.2解説 かいせつ
4.2Explanation
An
5問題 もんだい 3:逆元 ぎゃくげん inverse element を求 もと める
5Problem 3: find an inverse
For the operation in Problem 2, find the
5.1解答 かいとう
である。つまり
だから
である。この
5.1Answer
Let the inverse be . Since the
That is,
so
Since this operation satisfies , the opposite order also gives .
5.2解説 かいせつ
5.2Explanation
An inverse is defined relative to the identity element and must work on both sides. Here the identity is 3, and commutativity lets one calculation verify both orders.
6問題 もんだい 4:半群 はんぐん ・モノイド・群 ぐん のどれか
6Problem 4: semigroup, monoid, or group?
For the operation from Problems 2 and 3, check closure and associativity, and determine which of the conditions for a semigroup, a monoid, and a group are satisfied by .
6.1解答 かいとう
なので
6.1Answer
For all , we have , so closure holds. For all ,
Thus the operation is associative and is a semigroup. By Problem 2 its identity is 3, so it is a monoid. By Problem 3, every has the inverse . Therefore is a group.
6.2解説 かいせつ
6.2Explanation
Computing an identity and inverses alone does not yet prove that an operation forms a group. One must separately verify that the rule is a binary operation on the set and that it is associative.