群作用 と対称性
group actions and symmetry 対称性 たいしょうせい
A
Using group actions, we can directly describe how
Linear transformations are included only as an application preview. The definitions and proofs on this page use only transformations that move elements of a set to other elements.
1群作用 ぐんさよう の定義 ていぎ
1Definition of a group action
A group
The first equation says that the
2軌道 きどう
で
2Orbits
The
The orbit is the set of all elements reachable from by the
3固定部分群 こていぶぶんぐん
を
3Stabilizers
The set of group elements that do not move ,
is called the
The orbit describes where an element can move, and the stabilizer describes what remains unchanged.
4具体例 ぐたいれい :正三角形 せいさんかくけい の対称性 たいしょうせい
4Concrete example: symmetries of an equilateral triangle
Let be the vertex set of an equilateral triangle. The rotational and reflection symmetries of the triangle permute the vertices. Therefore the symmetry group acts on .
The orbit of vertex 1 is , because a symmetry can move vertex 1 to any vertex. On the other hand, the symmetries that fix vertex 1 are the identity transformation and the reflection across the axis passing through vertex 1.
5何 なに を変 か えて何 なに を保存 ほぞん するか
5What changes and what is preserved
In a
The idea of group actions appears widely in
6演習 えんしゅう リンク
data/exercise/math/abstract-algebra/準同型と同型-基本演習.n.md
6Exercise link
data/exercise/math/abstract-algebra/準同型と同型-基本演習.n.md7まとめ
7Summary
A
8定理 ていり :軌道 きどう ・固定部分群 こていぶぶんぐん 定理 ていり
である。したがって が
が
を
ここで
8Theorem: orbit-stabilizer theorem
Let a
Therefore, when is finite,
This is the
The idea of the
If , then , so and hence . Thus the map is well-defined. Conversely, if , then , so . Therefore the map is a bijection.
Here a bijection means a map that sends different inputs to different outputs and reaches every element of the target. For finite sets, the existence of a bijection implies that the two sets have the same number of elements.
For the symmetry group of an equilateral triangle, the orbit of vertex 1 has 3 elements, and the stabilizer has 2 elements. Hence the
9証明 しょうめい 補足 ほそく :軌道 きどう ・固定部分群 こていぶぶんぐん 定理 ていり が成 な り立 た つ理由 りゆう
を
であり、
が
9Proof supplement: why the orbit-stabilizer theorem holds
Suppose a
Consider the map
We check that this map is well-defined. If , then . Therefore
Acting by on the left gives . Hence changing the representative does not change the output.
Conversely, if , then , so and therefore . Thus the map is both injective and surjective. For a finite group,
follows.