部分群 と生成
subgroups and generation 生成 せいせい
Inside a
A
1部分群 ぶぶんぐん の定義 ていぎ
かつ、
が
この
2Definition of a subgroup 部分群 ぶぶんぐん
A subset of a group is a
In practice, it can be tested by the following criterion.
and for all ,
If these hold, then is a
This criterion may look like division, but it uses the fact that the inverse exists inside the group. Therefore it is assumed that is an element of the group and that its inverse lies in the group.
3具体例 ぐたいれい
の
は
4Concrete examples
Inside , the set of all even integers
is a
On the other hand, the set of natural numbers is not a
5生成元 せいせいげん
と
を
6Generators
Given a subset of a group , the set of all elements obtained by applying the operation finitely many times to elements of and their inverses is the
It is written
A group generated by one element ,
is called a
7例 れい :剰余類 じょうよるい の巡回群 じゅんかいぐん
では、 は
が の
である。
8Example: cyclic groups of residue classes
In , the element generates the whole group.
are obtained by repeatedly adding . On the other hand, the
9何 なに が保存 ほぞん されるか
10What is preserved
In a
11証明 しょうめい 補足 ほそく :部分群判定法 ぶぶんぐんはんていほう と生成部分群 せいせいぶぶんぐん の最小性 さいしょうせい
を
が
この
12Proof supplement: subgroup 部分群 ぶぶんぐん criterion and minimality of generated subgroups 部分群 ぶぶんぐん
Let be a group and let be a nonempty subset. If
holds, then is a
Proof. Since is nonempty, there exists . Then . Next let . Since , applying the condition to gives . Finally, if , we already know , so applying the condition to gives . Thus contains the identity, inverses, and products.
The generated
This intersection is a
13演習 えんしゅう リンク
data/exercise/math/abstract-algebra/群と部分群-基本演習.n.md
14Exercise link
data/exercise/math/abstract-algebra/群と部分群-基本演習.n.md15まとめ
16Summary
A
17計算 けいさん 補足 ほそく : で が生成 せいせい する部分群 ぶぶんぐん
である。この
である。
たとえば で を
である。
18Calculation supplement: the subgroup 部分群 ぶぶんぐん generated by in
In the additive group , the elements of the
The first positive integer for which this sequence returns to is the smallest satisfying . Therefore, if , then
For example, in , consider . Since , the generated