相平面 と安定性
1導入
この
2標準形
または
3実二次元線型系 の分類表
この
| の | ||
| の | ||
| Lyapunov |
0 が
4固有値 による分類 の根拠
5判定手順
- を
解 き、平衡点 を求 める。 線型系 なら係数行列 、非線型系 なら平衡点 でのJacobian を行列 確認 する。固有値 の実部 と虚部 から安定性 を判定 し、実固有値 では固有方向 と Jordan構造 、複素固有値 ではベクトル場 から回転方向 を確認 する。矢印 を時間 の向 きに付 け、平衡点 へ接近 するか離脱 するかを定義 と照合 する。非線型系 で正 の実部 がなく実部 0 を含 む場合 は、線型化 だけで結論 を確定 しない。線型系 そのものなら Jordan構造 まで解析 して判定 する。
この
6具体例 1:結節点 と鞍点
では
では
7具体例 2:安定焦点
では
この
8具体例 3:非線型系 を線型化 する
を
である。 の
この
9適用範囲 と限界
ここまで
10演習 リンク
data/exercise/math/differential-equations/systems-and-stability.exercise.n.md
11前 の講義
data/lecture/math/differential-equations/linearization-and-eigenvalue-stability.lecture.n.md
12次 の講義
data/lecture/math/differential-equations/step-functions-delta-functions-and-convolution.lecture.n.md
Phase Planes and Stability
1Introduction
This lecture explains how to represent two-dimensional systems in the phase plane and classify trajectories near equilibria by eigenvalues and eigendirections.
The phase plane uses the state , rather than time, as its coordinates. The image traced by a solution , equipped with the direction of increasing time, is an orbit. The vector field that assigns the velocity to each point, together with its family of orbits, is a phase portrait.
2Standard Form and Stability Terms
We study either
or a nonlinear system . For a nonlinear system, first find each equilibrium and then linearize with the Jacobian at that equilibrium.
An equilibrium is Lyapunov stable when every trajectory starting sufficiently near it remains near it. It is locally attractive when every trajectory in some neighborhood converges to it. Both properties together give local asymptotic stability. If these conditions and convergence hold for every initial value with global forward existence, the equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable.
3Classification of Real Two-Dimensional Linear Systems
The following table classifies the exact linear system . A node approaches or departs along real eigendirections; a saddle has both approaching and departing directions; a focus rotates while approaching or departing; a center is surrounded by closed orbits.
| Eigenvalues | Type | Stability |
|---|---|---|
| Real | Stable node | Globally asymptotically stable |
| Real | Unstable node | Unstable |
| Real eigenvalues of opposite signs | Saddle | Unstable |
| , , | Stable focus | Globally asymptotically stable |
| , , | Unstable focus | Unstable |
| , | Center | Lyapunov stable but not attractive |
For repeated real eigenvalues, inspect the eigenspace dimension and hence the Jordan blocks. Both and are globally asymptotically stable, but only the first has every direction as an eigendirection; the second contains a term. Away from the imaginary axis, Jordan structure changes orbit geometry without changing decay or growth. On the imaginary axis, block size also changes Lyapunov stability.
If zero is an eigenvalue, then ; the origin is nonisolated, and all of consists of equilibria. A Jordan block of size at least two for zero produces a direction with polynomial growth in . Thus zero-eigenvalue cases are degenerate boundary cases, not centers covered by the pure-imaginary row.
4Classification Procedure
- Solve for the equilibria.
- Use the coefficient matrix for a linear system or the Jacobian at each equilibrium for a nonlinear system.
- Determine stability from real parts. For real eigenvalues, inspect eigendirections and Jordan structure; for complex eigenvalues, determine rotation direction from the vector field.
- Add arrows in the direction of increasing time and verify approach or departure against the definitions.
- For a nonlinear system with no positive real part but with a zero real part, do not infer stability from linearization alone. For the exact linear system, Jordan structure gives the complete criterion.
5Example 1: Node and Saddle
For
the eigenvalues are , so the origin is a stable node. For
the eigenvalues are , so the origin is a saddle. Although solutions on the stable eigendirection approach the origin, arbitrarily close initial values depart along the unstable direction; hence the saddle is Lyapunov unstable.
6Example 2: Stable Focus and Rotation Direction
For
the eigenvalues are . The negative real part gives exponential radial decay, and the nonzero imaginary part gives rotation. At the velocity is , whose upward component shows counterclockwise rotation. The origin is therefore a counterclockwise stable focus. In general the sign of the imaginary part alone does not determine orientation without reference to the matrix or vector field.
7Example 3: Nonlinear Linearization
For
the equilibria are and , and
At the eigenvalues are , so the nonlinear equilibrium is unstable. At they are , so the nonlinear equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable. These are local conclusions obtained separately at each equilibrium; they do not make the nonlinear system globally linear.
8Scope
For nonlinear systems, linearization contains only local information. When no eigenvalue has positive real part and at least one has zero real part, nonlinear terms may create either stability or instability. A linearized center therefore need not imply a nonlinear center. For the exact linear system, by contrast, the eigenvalues together with the Jordan blocks on the imaginary axis provide a complete stability criterion.
Up to this point, we have studied trajectories of autonomous systems in state space. The next lecture shifts to forcing responses on the time axis and treats linear equations with step and impulse inputs. It begins a different strand of ordinary-differential-equation analysis rather than serving as a direct continuation of phase-plane theory.