変数分離形 と自律方程式
1導入
この
のように、 だけの
ただし、 で
2標準形
に
のように
3命題 1:変数分離 で得 た陰関数解 は元 の方程式 を満 たす
において、
を
3.1証明
を で
である。、 だから
である。 なので
を
この
と
4解法 の手順
- の
形 に整理 する。 - を
満 たす定数解 を先 に確認 する。 - の
範囲 で
と
両辺 を積分 する。条件 があれば任意定数 に対 する制約方程式 を解 く。最後 に元 の方程式 と指定 されたすべての条件 へ代入 して検算 する。
5命題 2: は定数解 を与 える
5.1主張
で、ある
は
5.2証明
は
である。また だから
である。したがって
を
この
6例 1:
は の
つぎに として、
と
を
である。 であり、
と
7陽関数解 と陰関数解
のように、 と の
8例 2:途中 で発散 する解
を
を
である。 より だから
であり、
を
この
この
9自律方程式 と平衡解
では、 なら は
9.1証明
は
を
10例 3:Logistic 方程式
は
である。
| の | ||
|---|---|---|
したがって、
11変数分離 できない例
は と が
と
12特異解 との関係
の
13まとめ
- に
整理 できるか。 - から
定数解 が出 ないか。 積分 の結果 が陽関数解 か陰関数解 か。得 た解 の定義域 はどこか。
14演習 リンク
data/exercise/math/differential-equations/separable-equations-and-autonomous-systems.exercise.n.md
Separable Equations and Autonomous Equations
1Introduction
This lecture explains separation of variables not as a formal rearrangement of and , but as an application of the chain rule in reverse.
Separation applies when the rate of change of an unknown function factors as
with one factor depending only on and the other only on . This product structure permits the -dependent factor to be placed on one side and the -dependent factor on the other.
Division by excludes points at which . Therefore, constant solutions arising from such zeros must be checked before division. Some sources denote this factor by ; the same caution applies.
2Standard Form
A separable equation is a first-order differential equation that can be written as
An equation of the form
whose right-hand side does not explicitly contain the independent variable, is called an autonomous equation. It is separable by taking and .
3Proposition 1: An Implicit Relation Obtained by Separation Satisfies the Original Equation
Let and be intervals, let be differentiable, and suppose that is nonzero on . Consider
Assume that on and on . Then every such function satisfying
satisfies the original differential equation.
3.1Proof
Differentiate with respect to . The chain rule gives
Using and gives
Since , multiplication by yields
Thus the implicit relation obtained by separation satisfies the original equation. This chain-rule calculation justifies the formal notation
4Solution Procedure
- Rewrite the equation as .
- First identify constant solutions satisfying .
- On a range where , separate the variables:
- Integrate both sides.
- If conditions are prescribed, solve the resulting constraint equations for the arbitrary constants.
- Verify the result by substitution into the original equation and all prescribed conditions.
5Proposition 2: Zeros of Give Constant Solutions
Suppose that
and that a constant satisfies . Then
is a constant solution.
5.1Proof
Since is constant, . Also,
Therefore . This is why zeros of must be checked before division: the divided equation no longer represents these constant solutions.
6Example 1:
The equation
is separable with and . First, shows that is a constant solution.
On a branch where ,
Integration gives
Exponentiation gives
Since and a constant sign can be absorbed into the arbitrary constant, the family can be written as
Allowing includes the previously identified constant solution .
7Explicit and Implicit Solutions
An explicit solution represents the unknown directly as .
An implicit solution represents the solution through a relation such as
The result of separation cannot always be solved explicitly for . In that case, a verified implicit relation still represents a solution on intervals where the implicit relation defines a differentiable function.
8Example 2: A Solution with Finite-Time Blow-Up
Consider
The constant function is a solution of the differential equation but does not satisfy the initial condition. On the branch where ,
Integration gives
The condition yields , so
and therefore
This function is undefined at . Hence the maximal solution interval containing the initial point is . The example shows that a solution must be specified by both its formula and its domain.
9Autonomous Equations and Equilibria
An equilibrium solution is a constant solution whose value remains unchanged as the independent variable varies. For the autonomous equation
every zero gives the equilibrium solution .
9.1Proof
If , then . Since , the right-hand side is also zero; hence .
The sign of determines monotonicity before an explicit formula is obtained: implies that increases, while implies that decreases.
10Example 3: The Logistic Equation
The equation
is autonomous. Its equilibria are the zeros of :
The sign table is
| Range | Sign of | Monotonicity |
|---|---|---|
| Negative | Decreasing | |
| Positive | Increasing | |
| Negative | Decreasing |
Thus, while a solution remains in , it increases, and the phase-line arrow points toward the equilibrium . This sign analysis determines local monotonicity before an explicit formula is derived. Convergence to additionally requires verification that the solution remains in and determination of its limit.
data/lecture/math/differential-equations/logistic-equation.lecture.n.md11A Nonseparable Example
The equation
contains and additively and cannot be factored as . It must not be separated. Instead, rewrite it as
which is a first-order linear equation.
data/lecture/math/differential-equations/first-order-linear-odes-and-integrating-factors.lecture.n.md12Relation to Singular Solutions
Losing a constant solution with through division and the existence of a singular solution are distinct issues. A singular solution satisfies the differential equation but cannot be obtained by selecting the arbitrary constants in its general solution family.
Nonuniqueness, in which multiple solutions satisfy the same initial condition, is a separate issue governed by the hypotheses of existence and uniqueness theorems; it is neither the definition nor a sufficient condition for a singular solution. After separation, verify every divided factor, the domain, and the prescribed initial conditions.
data/lecture/math/differential-equations/singular-solutions-and-envelopes.lecture.n.md13Summary
For a separable equation, check the following four items.
- Can it be written as ?
- Do zeros of give constant solutions?
- Does integration produce an explicit or implicit solution?
- What is the domain of the resulting solution?