PDE とは何 か
1導入
この
2階数 と線形性
PDE の
は を
3PDE の問題 を定 める要素
未知関数 と独立変数 方程式 と係数 に置 く仮定 未知関数 を考 える定義域 初期時刻 や境界 などに与 えるデータ- どの
正則性 を持 つ解 を求 めるか
このページでは、
4ODE との違 い
ODE と PDE の
| ODE | PDE | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | ||
| データ |
ODE にも
5熱方程式 を読 む
とし、
を
たとえば のとき
は
を
6領域 が変 わるとデータも変 わる
7代表 モデルへの地図
| モデル | ||
|---|---|---|
| heat | あり・ | |
| wave | あり・ | |
| Laplace | なし |
ここで とし、 は
8読解 チェックリスト
未知関数 と独立変数 は何 か。- PDE
全体 の階数 と、時間 についての階数 はそれぞれ何 か。 線形 か非線形 か。係数 にどの仮定 があるか。定義域 は全空間 か有界領域 か。- どこにどのデータを
置 き、どの解 のクラスを求 めるか。 候補 は方程式 とすべてのデータを満 たすか。
9次 の分岐
まず
10どこまで成立 するか
このページでは
11関連 リンク
data/lecture/math/partial-differential-equations/partial-differential-equations-portal.lecture.n.md
What Is a PDE?
1Introduction
This lecture explains how to interpret a PDE as a relation between an unknown function of several independent variables and its partial derivatives. The independent variables need not be space and time: a static PDE such as Laplace's equation may contain several spatial variables and no time variable.
A {partial differential equation} is an equation or system involving one or more unknown functions of several independent variables and their partial derivatives. This lecture treats a single PDE for a scalar-valued unknown. In , for example, is the unknown function and are the independent variables.
2Order and linearity
The {order} of a PDE is the highest order of the partial derivatives occurring in it. Thus
is a second-order PDE because it contains , although it is only first order with respect to time.
In a {linear PDE}, the unknown function and its derivatives occur to the first power, no products among them occur, and their coefficients depend only on the independent variables. For the associated operator ,
The equations and are homogeneous and inhomogeneous linear equations, respectively; a zero right-hand side is not a requirement for linearity. By contrast, is nonlinear because it contains a product of the unknown and its derivative.
3Components of a PDE problem
An equation alone does not determine a problem. The following components must be specified separately:
- the unknown function and independent variables;
- the equation and assumptions on its coefficients;
- the {domain} of the unknown function;
- data prescribed at an initial time, on a boundary, or on another set;
- the regularity class in which a solution is sought.
A {classical solution} has the stated continuity and differentiability, satisfies the equation at every interior point, and satisfies each datum at every point where that datum is prescribed. The required regularity, including coefficient smoothness and compatibility with the data, must be stated for each problem.
4Difference from an ODE
The essential distinction between an ODE and a PDE is the number of independent variables and the kind of derivatives, not the names of the data.
| Aspect | ODE | PDE |
|---|---|---|
| Unknown function | depends on one independent variable | depends on several independent variables |
| Derivatives | ordinary derivatives | partial derivatives |
| Domain | an interval | a region in a plane, in space, or in spacetime |
| Data | initial or endpoint values, among others | data on an initial surface or part of a boundary, among others |
ODEs may have boundary-value problems, while PDEs may be posed on all of space and have no spatial boundary. Because PDE domains have diverse geometries, the admissible location of data must be assessed together with the order and type of the equation.
5Reading the heat equation
Let and consider, for and ,
The unknown is , the PDE is imposed on , and the initial data are prescribed on . This is a second-order linear PDE that is first order in time. Since the whole space has no spatial boundary, no spatial boundary condition is imposed. One possible classical-solution class is
Here denotes the class in which are continuous.
If , then
satisfies
Hence and . It is therefore a classical solution of this problem. A candidate formula must be checked against the domain and all data as well as the equation.
6Changing the domain changes the data
To formulate the same heat equation on a bounded interval as a standard uniquely determined initial-boundary-value problem, endpoint data are required in addition to initial data. If a classical solution is continuous up to the closed spacetime boundary, the initial and endpoint data must agree at the corners. The next lecture defines the principal types of initial and boundary conditions.
data/lecture/math/partial-differential-equations/initial-and-boundary-value-problems.lecture.n.md7Map of representative models
For constant-coefficient models without external forcing or heat sources, with and :
| Model | Equation | Time variable |
|---|---|---|
| heat | present; first order in time | |
| wave | present; second order in time | |
| Laplace | absent |
For ,
is the sum of the second partial derivatives in all spatial directions. Later lectures compare the types, required data, information propagation, conservation, and dissipation of these models under explicit assumptions. Existence, uniqueness, and stability must not be inferred from an equation's name alone.
8Reading checklist
- What are the unknown function and independent variables?
- What are the overall order and the order with respect to time?
- Is the equation linear or nonlinear, and what coefficient assumptions are imposed?
- Is the domain the whole space or a bounded region?
- Where are the data prescribed, and in which solution class?
- Does a candidate satisfy the equation and every datum?
9Subsequent branches
First distinguish initial-value, boundary-value, and initial-boundary-value problems. Then proceed to characteristics for first-order PDEs or principal-part classification for second-order linear PDEs. Compare the representative models only after establishing that classification.
data/lecture/math/partial-differential-equations/method-of-characteristics.lecture.n.md data/lecture/math/partial-differential-equations/classification-of-second-order-linear-pdes.lecture.n.md data/lecture/math/partial-differential-equations/heat-wave-and-laplace-equations.lecture.n.md10Scope of validity
This lecture used sufficiently smooth classical solutions as its point of entry. To include functions without classical derivatives, one must specify a function space and define satisfaction of the equation through integral identities against test functions or distributional derivatives. Admissible regularity and uniqueness conditions for such weak solutions must be determined separately for each equation.