二階線型定数係数微分方程式 の拡張理論
1導入
この
2理論上 の位置 づけ
3同次解 の分類
の
である。 が
4非同次方程式 の分解
では、
と
5具体例
の
である。
では、
へ
6適用範囲 と限界
7演習
data/exercise/math/differential-equations/second-order-linear-constant-coefficient-odes.exercise.n.md
data/exercise/math/differential-equations/second-order-linear-odes.exercise.n.md
8関連講義
data/lecture/math/differential-equations/nonhomogeneous-equations-and-undetermined-coefficients.lecture.n.md
data/lecture/math/differential-equations/variation-of-parameters-and-wronskian.lecture.n.md
9前 の講義
data/lecture/math/differential-equations/general-second-order-linear-odes-overview.lecture.n.md
10次 の講義
data/lecture/math/differential-equations/complex-roots-and-forced-oscillations.lecture.n.md
Extensions of Second-Order Linear Constant-Coefficient Equations
1Introduction
This lecture gives a unified account of characteristic-root types and nonhomogeneous terms for second-order linear equations with constant coefficients.
2Theoretical Context
The results below refine the constant-coefficient theory. The preceding lecture develops the general theory that also permits variable coefficients.
data/lecture/math/differential-equations/general-second-order-linear-odes-overview.lecture.n.md3Classification of Homogeneous Solutions
For
the characteristic equation is . If its roots are , the real-valued general solution is
If is a repeated root, and provide two linearly independent solutions and hence the required two dimensions of the solution space.
4Decomposition of Nonhomogeneous Equations
For
linearity gives the decomposition
where is the general homogeneous solution and is one particular solution. For constant coefficients, the method of undetermined coefficients applies when a finite-dimensional function space containing the forcing term is invariant under differentiation. If the forcing term resonates with a homogeneous solution, multiply the trial functions by a sufficient power of to remove the overlap. For a general continuous forcing term, variation of parameters is the appropriate candidate.
5Examples
The characteristic roots of
are . Therefore,
For
the forcing term belongs to the homogeneous solution space. The usual trial function therefore fails, and it must be replaced by
Substitution gives and , so .
6Scope and Limitations
The classifications by complex and repeated roots and the method of undetermined coefficients operate within the constant-coefficient setting. Variable-coefficient equations may instead require power-series methods or special functions.